politics /
Rummel's 8th Physics Wiki 2016-17
!References from class: * [[Physics of Usain Bolt| * [[NASA 'interstellar' drive|
* [[Neil DeGrasse Tyson lecture at ASU on art and science| * [[Neil DeGrasse Tyson about the empowerment brought by science and math| !3 major topics of human endeavour: * Religion = Faith * Art = Beauty * Science = Evidence
!Supplementary links used in one or more classes: * [[Mercedes-Benz has made a 'mothership' van for six-wheeled delivery robots| * First 3 minutes of [[RichardFeynman]]'s BBC [[interview.| *
* [[Mythbusters #24| Season 2. > Ming Dynasty Astronaut # Explain the myth they were attempting to bust. # What different about each chair model that they tested? Briefly describe how they differed. > Free Energy # Briefly describe what each of these "free energy" machines was supposed to work and the results: ## G-strain amplifier (actually a ring oscillator) ## Temperature wheel ## Radio wave power harnesser: ## Perpetual motion machine > Ceiling Fan of Death # Summarize the results of the fan tests by answering these questions: ## What variables (setup parts) did they keep the same in each test? ## How did they make an accurate model of a real human head? ## What was their 'over-the-top' setup that tried to replicate the myth? Did it work?
#. Basic vocabulary and formula quiz at start of class. # Started [[DVA-Graph#5A]] in class.
!Vocab & lecture topics * vibrio cholera * the Ganges * dehydration * electrolytes * miasma * 'night soil' * germ theory * sanitary sewers * 'ghost map' * hypothesis * map * controlled experiment * model * principle * law * theory
!Videos and articles in lecture: * Sewer pumping technology = Victorian engineering at it's finest. Led to [[machines that defend London from storm surges on the Thames river.| * Defending against rising tides is going to be a major issue from this point forward due to the results of global warming. Washington Post report on [[Antarctica Ice Sheet collapse potnetial| ** [[Video about results| * Mapping results to prepare for the future: ** [[NOAA 6' sea leve lrise mapper| ** [[#DrownYourTown| on google earth.
!Nature of Science discussion. * Venn diagram of ''Science, Religion, Art'' * [[Video of Intel's virtual reality headset.| !Online resources for topics touched in lecture: * [[Watch a 3D printed human heart (an organoid) being made in the lab| * If we can create neural tissue organoids in the lab, it will be helpful in [[mapping the human brain|
Resources: * [[Jill Bolte Taylor's TED Talk: "My Stroke of Insight"| * [[Interactive 10 year traffic fatality map of the US| * [[Changing people's ideas about climate data by sharing and making data available from many disciplines|
!Links to items discussed in class: * [[9/5/16: Nanoparticles of magnitite due to air pollution found in human brains: is it linked to Alzheimers?| Correlation found from epidemiological studies leads to autopsies to check for the presence of toxic particles. * [[Fake Knee Surgery as Good as Real Procedure, Study Finds. WSJ, 12/25/13.| Placebo effect at work in actual surgery! * [["China’s new radio telescope, the largest in the world—and the latest marker of Beijing's ambition to become a global player in science—began its search for signals from distant galaxies on Sunday." WSJ 9/26/16.| Competing for a better understanding of the universe as a mark of a world leader. * [[Pushing the limits of our understanding about areas of concern in the sciences and arts- MacAurthur Genius Grants 2016 have been announced. WSJ 9/22/16.| People who thrive on defining areas of uncertainty with novel approaches.
!Lecture links and images: |!Reconstruction of the oldest cities in what is now Turkey. Notice that there are no roads in this densly populated fortess town of the Neolithic: | ! | | [img[Çatalhöyük Houses| | | | !Pharos lighthouse of Alexandria | !Cosmos: Episode 13, "Unafraid of the Dark". National Geographic Video with Neil ~DeGrasse Tyson. [[Hard link if video doesn't load| | |[img[Pharos lighthouse of Alexandria| |<html><iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
* [[Trebuchet launch video|
* [[Arial view of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul- Europe's largest city|
!Links from lecture: * [[Foucault's pendulum| proving that the earth rotates by taking advantage of inertia. * [[John Green's irreverent take on the Renaissance.|
!To resonate with and absorb a [[wave|Waves]] with a particular frequency or wavelength. *To catch and take in energy. If that energy comes in pulses or [[Waves]] of either matter or energy, then the absorbing object will vibrate in response to the wave energy (forced vibration). * In the case of [[Sound]] waves, initially the surface (and moments later the whole object) will vibrate at that same frequency as the incoming waves of matter pushing on it (otherwise the sound would be mostly reflected). ** A whisper can cause a steel wall to vibrate just the smallest amount (though it takes sensitive instruments to pick this up).
!Theoretical point of absolutely no random atomic motion. -273 Celsius or 0 Kelvin. * Simply measuring a substance's temperature will raise it's molecular motion above zero. > ''~Bose-Einstein Condensate'' is the fifth state of matter that appears close to absolute zero. * [[NOVA's Conquest of Cold program| can now be seen on Amazon Prime's Video on Demand service.
!Father of surgery, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, lived in MoorishSpain, 936-1030 AD. * [[Greatest surgeon of the middle ages.|
[img[XKCD Comic|
!Newton's 3rd Law > See [[NewtonsLaws]] | Action reaction forces and a swimmer. [[Source.| | |[img[Action reaction forces|
* [[US aims to use heat-beam weapon by 2010| ** Infrared crowd control beam for use by the military since most molecules resonate in this spectrum. <html> <div align="center"> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </html>
!Painting with the primary colors of [[VisibleLight]] > How colors on electronic displays are made by combining red, green and blue light. | Your HumanEye has three light absorbing proteins that are sensitive to R, G, and B | |[img[Additive color| |[[Source.|
!Student of AriStotle. Conquered a good chunk of the ancient world. * 356- 323 BCE. Macedonian Prince whose cavalry and battle tactics change ancient warfare. * Valued and spread the concept of NaturalPhilosophy throughout his empire. Placed copies of AriStotle's works in major centers of learning that later came [[back to the West.|TracingTheGreeksFire]]. * Built the LibraryOfAlexandria in Egypt. | !Bust of Alexander the Great. [[Source.| | !Plaster frieze of a Macedonian battle group [[Source.| | | [img[Bust of Alexander the Great.| | [img[Macedonian battle group| | | !Map of Alexander's Empire with the date progression of his campaigns. |>| | [img[Map of Alexander's Empire with the date progression of his campaigns.| empire.gif]] |>|
!Current that rapidly reverses direction each second and yields oscillating voltage= AC. * Used for transmission of Electrical energy from power plants to the electrical box outside your house. ** The step-down converter from the main power pole down to your household 120 V, 60 Hz AC was invented by Nicolas Tesla.
!Sable Systems table of altitude vs. air pressure. [[Source.| <html> <div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe> </div> </html>
! The main elements of a Tiddler [img[ | from | ! The Tiddler's hidden buttons [img[ ! A tiddler in 'edit' mode When you double-click on a Tiddler or click the edit button, the Tiddler opens up into edit mode. Here is what it looks like: [img[ When you are done editing the Tiddler, here are the options. [img[
!Ancient maps | [img[Babylonian map of Assyria, Babylonia and Armenia| AD 1000 Anglo-Saxon map of the world, Britain in lower left,|
!Answer Keys
!Made by the Greeks in 1st Century BCE and remained an enigma until advanced imaging revealed it's true nature. * History of the uncovering of this amazing mechanism from the [[Nature Science Channel Video: Part 1| * [[Nature Science Channel Video: Part 2 on the mechanism.| !!! Rebuilding the mechanism with Legos! <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Watch the overlay of altitude (height) and velocity in the lower left corner. 7-16-1969 <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
!Islamic Hereditary empires of the 7th-10th centuries centered in the Middle East. * Many of the most brilliant thinkers were Persian (Iranian). * Alexandria in the 1300's had some 12,000 students in schools attached to mosques. The rich and poor alike received free educations. * Universities were founded in the 8th through 10th centuries in various locations: Tunisia, Damascus, Cordoba, Baghdad. * Baghdad was conquered by the Mongols in 1258. Cordoba in Spain was conquered by Christians in 1236. | !Two-thirds of [[all star names are Arabic- Neil DeGrasse Tyson discussing Islamic astronomy.| |>| | "Most important of all, however, it was the attitude that developed within the Islamic state toward the suspect writings of the Greeks. Unlike the Christian communities of late antiquity, whose attitudes toward the pagan philosophers were shaped by the experience of Roman persecution, Muslims did not suffer—or at least to the same degree—the conflict between faith and reason. On the contrary, the Qur'an enjoined Muslims to seek knowledge all their lives, no matter what the source or where it might lead. As a result, Muslims of the Abbasid period quickly set about recovering the scientific and philosophical works of the classical past—lying neglected in the libraries of Byzantium—and translating them into Arabic." [[Source: Middle East Institute| |>| | !Map of Islamic Caliphates over time, 622-750 AD. (Brown c. 622-632; ~Dark-Orange c. 632-661; Light-orange c. 661-750) [[Source: Wikimedia.| | Manuscript page showing Islamic scholars at work in many different subjects. [[Source: Wikimedia.| | | [img[Map of Islamic Caliphates over time.| | [img[Manuscript page showing Islamic scholars at work in many different subjects. | | > Noteworthy scientists from the Arabic Golden Age (750–1260 CE):
!The da Vinci of ancient Greece- inventor, engineer, and mathematician > Represents the triumph of Applied Science in GreekFire_AppliedScience. > Technologies and the art to create them have a practicality that often ensures that their secrets are closely guarded and perpetuated, like the recipe for the naplam-like Greek Fire. !Archimedes' major accomplishments: * Calculated pi to a unprecedented degree of accuracy, found ratio of volume of a sphere inscribed in a cylinder, [[founded integral calculus|ArchimedesLostSecrets]]. * Invented the compound pulley systems, planetarium, water screw, and water organ. Perfected the catapult and mathematics of lever systems. ** Many of these @@amazing war machines@@ were used to defend the harbor of Syracuse. |[img[Archimede's claw used to defend harbor walls| Archimede's Claw in action defending the walls of Syracuse. | |~| * Such cranes and lever arms were later adapted by the architects in the Middle Ages to lift heavy loads into place high off the ground while they build cathedrals. | * Invented ArchimedesPrinciple for hydrostatics. * He invented the napalm-like liquid known as Greek Fire used to defend his hometown of <html><a href=" 37° 3'16.34, 15°17'41.49&output=kml" target="_blank">Syracuse in Sicily</a></html>. ** His secrets were taken to the ByzantineEmpire after the fall of Rome. ** ''@@color:red;Recommended to watch:@@'' clip from a [[National Geographic Special video on Greek Fire.| | ''@@color:red; Unlike AriStotle, he focused on empirical knowledge that could be gained from experimentation.@@'' |>| | !Archimedes' Applied Work- his inventions |>| |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Archimedes moving the world with a lever (one of his famous sayings)" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Archimedes' screw lifts water for fountains and irrigation." width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>| | !Bust of the great man who lived from 287 BCE - about 212 BCE (when he was killed by an invading Roman soldier) in Syracuse, Sicily. | !Siege of Syracuse by the Roman fleet led Archimedes to invent and perfect war machines such as the 'Claw of Archimedes', the Catapult, and [[Greek Fire.|TracingTheGreeksFire]] | | [img[bust of Archimedes| | [img[Siege of Syracuse| | | [[Image Source.| | [[Image Source.| |
!The only surviving copies of Archimedes's writings were discovered in 1906. | A NOVA program detailing this amazing discovery. [[Genius of Archimedes from PBS| discusses the lost palimpsest. | | <html><<iframe src="" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></html> | * A ByzantineEmpire prayer book (made of vellum or sheepskin) was discovered in a monastery in Constantinople (Istanbul). It appeared to have been written on top of undiscovered Treatises by ArchiMedes: ** __The Method__ (what we call calculus), ** the __Stomachion__ (literally 'the belly-ache', a puzzle that was a real pain to solve) ** and the never before seen Greek text of __On Floating Bodies__. * The book, a second century commentary on the older works of ArchiMedes, was stolen, smuggled, sold, and eventually tracked down. It sold at auction for $2 Million in 1998. It was donated to the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, MD. * The [[Archimedes Palimpsest| as this manuscript is called, will be completely translated and uploaded to the web on 10-29-08. * [[BBC documentary| on the uncovering of this lost treasure from the ByzantineEmpire that survived the sacking of Constantinople in 1204 AD. > ''@@color:red;Conclusion:@@ ArchiMedes used integral calculus 1900 years before IsaacNewton.'' | UV image of one of the palimpsest pages showing Greek figures underneath the Latin writing | Image of the prayer book that contains the Palimpsest | |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="UV image of one of the palimpsest pages showing geometrical figures underneath the writing" width="400" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Lost Palimpsest with open pages" width="400" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|
!Buoyant force = weight of the fluid displaced |[img[Archimedes principle| | [[Source.| of image above. | | Buoyancy or Lift of a hot air balloon. [[Source.| | | ''F~~B~~ = F~~w~~ of fluid displaced = (Weight density in N/m^^3^^) * (volume displaced in m^^3^^).'' | | [img[Buoyancy or Lift of a hot air balloon.| |
!Natural Philospher of Ancient Greece, 384 B.C - 322 B.C. * Student of Plato * Tutor of Alexander The Great. * Founded his own school in [[Athens (Google Earth view of the Acropolis in Athens)| the Lyceum. The LibraryOfAlexandria was modeled after the Lyceum library, just on a much grander scale. ** Rediscovered in 1997, the foundations of the Lyceum are now on permanent display with a new museum (2012) [[in Athens.| * Codified NaturalPhilosophy to focus on detailed observation and the cataloging of natural phenomenon. ** Developed the Empirical Method, where knowledge is gained through observation (his focus) or experimentation. ** Because he never conducted any physical experiments and measurements, his observations and conclusions were never grounded in data. *** Compare this to ArchiMedes' approach. * Writings on the four fundamental causes in the universe set physics on a set path for 1800 years. ** Fundamentally differed with Plato on these points. ** See ThomasAquinas on how the Catholic Church adopted his writings for all empirical methods. [img[Bust of Aristotle|
!September 2011 ~TEDxBoulder talk <html> <object width="526" height="374"> <param name="movie" value=""></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param> <param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"></param> <param name="flashvars" value="vu=" /> <embed src="" pluginspace="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgColor="#ffffff" width="526" height="374" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="vu="></embed> </object> </html>
!Key figures in the history of AstroNomy.
!Items relating to the history of the universe, the solar system, star formation, celestial objects, and things in the night sky in general.
!11-26-11 Launch at Cape Canaveral aboard an Atlas V * The MarsScienceLab launched in Nov. 2011 on an [[Atlas V rocket| with a mass of 531,000 kilograms (with the robotic explorer payload on top). | ''Main Engine Atlas V'' | ''Solid Rocket Boosters'' | ''Stage 2: Centaur rocket'' | ''Payload Housing the MSL at the top'' | |[img[Rocket breakdown for Mars Science Lab| [img[Solid Rocket Boosters| | [img[Stage 2: Centaur: | | [img[Payload Housing the MSL at the top| | | The main engine in the first stage burns out at 253 seconds into the flight. Peak F~~thrust~~ of main engine is 3.8E6 N | The 4 Solid rocket boosters burn out at 94 seconds into the flight and seconds later are dropped into the Atlantic. Peak F~~thrust~~ of solid rocket boosters = 4 sets of (F~~thrust of solid rocket boosters~~ @ 1.36E6 N each). | Centaur thrust is 99,200 N | Engines here are only used for small course corrections and the retrorockets fired at landing. | | <html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> |>|>|>|
!Gas envelope surrounding our planet's surface and extending out into space. * HeatTransfer between land/ oceans and the air leads to Weather. * Long term weather patterns are called [[Climate]] ** See GlobalWarming * For interactive hurricane maps and satellite data see the [[MyFox Hurricane Tracking page.| [img[Earth atmosphere profile| ---- [img[earth interface|
!A+ Problem. Draw and calculate the F~~all~~ vectors and F~~net~~ vector for the following: * A ball of 10 kg rests on a sloped ramp. It will accelerate down the ramp at 2 m/s^^2^^. The mass of the ball is 10 kg. The F~~friction~~ is 4 N against the direction of travel. *''//Note: all F~~support~~ forces act at right angles from the surface and thus can also be called F~~normal~~ or F~~norm~~ since 'normal' in math = 90 degrees.//'' | !Question | F~~II~~ = F~~w down the ramp~~ | |~| F~~perp~~ = F~~w on the ramp~~ | |1. What is the F~~net~~?|[img[Ball on ramp F~~all~~ drawing| | |2. Assume F~~w~~ can be resolved into 2 components at 90 degrees to each other: F~~w down the ramp~~ (see F~~II~~ in diagram) + F~~w on the ramp~~ (See F~~perp~~ on diagram). Assume F~~w down the ramp~~ beats the F~~friction~~ by F~~net~~. Assume F~~w on the ramp~~ is normal or 90 degrees to the ramp.|~| |2a. What is the F~~w down the ramp~~? |~| |2b. What is the F~~w on the ramp~~? |~| |2c. What is the F~~normal~~ = F~~support~~? |~| | ''//Hint://'' |>| |[img[Ball on ramp hint| @@The Pythagorean Theorem is your friend when using right-angle vectors that sum up to a final or net vector@@ through VectorAddition. (F~~w down the ramp~~)^^2^^ + (F~~w on the ramp~~)^^2^^ = (F~~w~~)^^2^^ | |~| ''@@color:blue;F~~II~~@@'' = Force~~parallel to surface~~ OR F~~weight down the ramp~~ while ''@@color:blue;F~~perp~~@@'' = Force~~perpendicular to the surface~~ OR F~~portion of the weight actually resting on the surface~~ |
[img[PDF symbol| Mechanics terms handout| Mechanics Terms.pdf]]
!Contents of Ch01Hewitt * Introduction to Motion !!!Basic Motion Vocabulary & Formulas found in BasicMotion-Objectives |[img[xkcd comic about motion| | [[XKCD comic about graphing motion and emotions... | |
!! All of Ch02Hewitt # Calculate and interpret from such graphs or data the: ## distance traveled in a certain time by finding area under a velocity graph. ## distance traveled in a certain time when an object is accelerating. ### d = 1/2*a*t^^2^^ ## average velocity between any two points on a distance graph. ## change in the speed component of velocity if the time and acceleration are known. ### Δv= a * t, where Δ means "change in". ## slope of any straight line ((Δd/ Δt = velocity), (Δv/ Δt = acceleration)). ## average acceleration between any two points on a velocity graph (a = (Δv / Δt). # Given a Distance and Time table or [[graph|DVA-Problems]] and/or a description of the motion, be able to predict and describe: ## the velocity graph ## the acceleration graph # Know the basic vocabulary and simple rate calculations. ## Unit analysis method ## speed vs. velocity ## acceleration vs. velocity ## mass vs. weight |!Formulas to know:|!On a graph| |''Average Speed = distance moved/ time interval'' |Average slope on a distance graph from start to finish | |velocity = speed + direction |Value a velocity graph; Slope on a distance graph | |''d = v*t'' when the velocity is constant |area on the velocity graph is a rectangle | |''d= ½ Δv * time'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate |area on the velocity graph is a triangle | |''d= ½*a*t*t'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate |area on the velocity graph is a triangle | |''time interval = Δd/ Δv'' when the velocity is constant |base of a rectangle = area/ height | |''time interval = Δd/ (½* Δv)'' when the velocity is changing |base of a triangle = area/ (½ *height) | |''a = Δv/ time interval'' = m/s per sec = m/s^^2^^ |slope of a velocity graph | |''Δv = acceleration *Δt'' |rate change = slope * time interval | * BasicMechanicsTerms * D-V-A graphs * Inertia * Equilibrium vs. unbalanced forces * Uniform motion vs. acceleration
!Introduction to BasicMotion Problem Sets
!KATU in Portland, my hometown, did this story in 1970. * Word to the Wise: the sum of the blubber momentum vectors after the explosion is equal to zero. Of course, smell cannot be accounted for in this summation! * Is the car incident an elastic or inelastic collision? <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Basis of the "magnetic vortex" demo. [[Video link.| <html> <object width="560" height="315"><param name="movie" value="//"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="//" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object> </html>
!Developed by [[Daniel Bernoulli in 1738.| * States that ''as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid will decrease.'' ** Pressure in the fluid is inverse to the velocity of a fluid. ** As particles in a faster moving fluid have ''less time to collide'' with a surface they are passing over, the ''force/ area drops.'' | [img[Bernoulli's Principle| | [img[Tube diameter vs. fluid velocity | | | [[Source.| | [[Source.| |
!Aircraft Flight Questions: [img[Cessna aircraft| # A small aircraft must achieve takeoff on a runway that is 0.75 km long. The plane's ''total mass'' with 300 kg of fuel + 3 people + gear is about ''2800 kg''. This plane achieves sufficient lift to takeoff (accelerate upwards to clear the runway and obstacles in front of it) when the pressure difference between the top and bottom of its wings reaches ''2 kPa at a velocity of 6 m/s''. __Each__ wing has an area of 8 m^^2^^, and the tail surface ''total area'' is 3 m^^2^^. Only consider these areas as having lift. ## What is the minimum F~~lift~~ of this plane at takeoff? ## What must be the maximum weight in Newtons of this small plane in order to still liftoff? How much people + cargo weight could it carry when fully fueled? ## If this plane's cruising speed is 225 kph, what would the F~~net~~ of the plane be at this point? ## Explain, using BernoullisPrinciple, why a plane's wing cross-section design affects how it will generate lift. Look at the cross-section table of wing designs below for a hint. | [img[airfoil matrix| | | [[Source:Flitetest.com| Great video on choosing airfoil designs. | | [img[angle of attack| | | * Is the angle of attack of the wing relative to the ground (see above) a factor in lift? [[Image Source| | * The [[new F35 Joint Strike Fighter can take off vertically!|
!Origin of the universe from a singularity some 13.7 billion years ago.
!David Christian's discussion of Big History: Evolution of Complexity since the start of space-time. * TED talks, Long Beach, 2011. <html> <object width="526" height="374"> <param name="movie" value=""></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param> <param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"></param> <param name="flashvars" value="vu=" /> <embed src="" pluginspace="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgColor="#ffffff" width="526" height="374" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="vu="></embed> </object> </html>
!The living layer at or above the planet's GeoSphere.
!When enough mass is concentrated in one spot to radically curve space-time into a whirpool of no return * Found at the center of the bulging disc at the hearts of all galaxies. <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Taking a spaceship too close to the event horizon! <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Blisteringly Hard Multistep Conversion Problems * On ''another sheet of paper'' or in added space between problems please: A) List the givens (x = y) for the word problem. This is the minimum needed on all questions to achieve a check-minus instead of a late score. Figure out the label or unit for the ''GOAL'' and the ''START''. //Hint:// look for the question sentence and the "what" or "how many" to find the ''GOAL''. B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the conversion factors ''below'' or metric conversion factors, as needed. C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer. D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled. |1 in = 2.54 cm |1 kg = 2.205 pounds |1 L = 1.06 quarts |16 oz = 1 lb | |1 foot = 12 inches |1 quart = 2 pints | 4 quarts = 1 gallon |1 mile = 5280 feet | 1. If water drips into a 55 gallon bathtub at the rate of 3 drips each second, how many days will it take to fill the bathtub (assuming no evaporation). Assume 1 mL = 20 drops 2. How much money would you get if you had your mass matched with $10 bills? Assume a bill has a mass of 3 grams. Assume a weight of 250 pounds. 3. Or you might rather get your weight in gold. Assume gold has a value of 1000 dollars per troy ounce. There are 14.58 troy ounces in a pound. What is the value of 250 lbs matched by gold? 4. The [[national debt| is about 16 trillion dollars. If the national debt were stacked up in hundred dollar bills, how tall would the stack be in miles if 50 bills stacked up to 1 centimeter? __BONUS:__ What is an average citizen’s share of this debt burden? 5. There are 6.02E23 atoms in 108 g of silver. Assuming that a silver atom is 0.1 nanometer (1 nm = 1 E–9 m), and the atoms in 1 pound of silver were lined up end to end, how long would the line of atoms be, in miles? 6. Adult rats consume 30 g of food/day and a food bar masses 6 ounces. Young rats need 15 g of food/day. If these rats fly on a space shuttle for 2 weeks in an experiment Pod, and the mission needs 5 adult rats and 3 young rats, how many food bars must be provided for all of the rats? //Hint: find the total food needed per day first.// 7. You wish to cover the area of the entire United states in sheets of 8.5 x 11 inch paper placed side-by-side as a protest against the loss of old-growth forests. The area of the US is 9.1 E6 kilometers squared. What is the number of sheets of paper required to completely cover the surface area of the US?
| !Answer key (will be accessible when Mr.R designates it to be!):|>| |[img[Word symbol| [[Blisteringly Hard Conversion Answers| hard conversions_ANSWERS.doc]] |
To make quoted bits of text stand out, you can use BlockQuotes within your [[tiddler]]s, like this: JeremyRuston said: <<< A TiddlyWiki is like a blog because it's divided up into neat little chunks, but it encourages you to read it by hyperlinking rather than sequentially: if you like, a non-linear blog analogue that binds the individual microcontent items into a cohesive whole. <<< Like BulletPoints and NumberedBulletPoints, you can have multiple levels of BlockQuotes. Just ''edit'' this tiddler to see how it's done by choosing that option from the ''toolbar'' that floats to the right of the [[tiddler]] title. >level 1 >level 1 >>level 2 >>level 2 >>>level 3 >>>level 3 >>level 2 >level 1
!NASA awarded Boeing a contract in 2013 to build an new Heavy launch system for the US. |<html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
! Using the facts below, create an interesting ''bonus problem'' by [[Monday, 9/22.|HW-2015/9/22]] > [[Email your question and solution to Mr. R|mailto:]] by Monday, 9/22 at 5 pm CST. * Add any metric to English conversion facts that you might need to use. | !Natural gas in the US | | On 9/17/13, natural gas futures closed at $2.705 per per million BTU's | | 1 ft^^3^^ volume of natural gas yields ≈ 1000 BTU's | | Our big North Texas gas field, the Barnett Shale, produced an average 4.476 billion cubic feet of natural gas a day in July 2015. | | 201,313.19E9 ft^^3^^ /day of natural gas on average was consumed by all residences in US in the past year. | | 1,368E6 metric tons of yearly CO~~2~~ production by burning natural gas in the US in the past year. | | 53.1 lbs of CO~~2~~ are made when burning 1 thousand cubic feet of natural gas. |
!Tthe pressure in a fluid is inverse to its volume. Robert Boyle, 1662 | [img[Boyle's law equation| | > * V~~1~~ equals the original volume, V~~2~~ equals the new volume, p~~1~~ the original pressure, and p~~2~~ the new pressure. * As changes are made to an enclosed fluid, the (pressure) * (volume) __before the change__ = (pressure) * (volume) __after the change__ * If the pressure decreases, then the volume must increase. * If the volume decreases, the pressure must increase. * The ''pressure * volume'' is always a ''constant value "C"'' (assuming the temperature doesn't change). * This is how a bicycle pump works! > [[ABC's of gas laws video| |[img[Boyles law with before and after| | Note what happens to the volume of gas in the right image compared to the left side. [[Source: Glenn Research Center at NASA| |
!The source of the ~SoHo area CholeraEpidemic of 1854 in London. * Pinpointed by the detective work of Dr. JohnSnow | ! Below, the monument to the breaking of the pump handle in Soho, London. |!Short video about the CholeraEpidemic of 1854.| | [img[Monument to the breaking of the pump handle| |<html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="1" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>| | [img[Death graph of 1854 outbreak in Soho| |>| | [[Source of time graph above:International Journal of Epidemiology| |>| | !On the left, the death map or 'ghost map' of the Soho neigborhood outbreak. On the right, a recent Google Earth view. Can you find the John Snow Pub? |>| |[img[Deaths mapped out in Soho by Dr. Snow| <html><iframe src="" width="400" height="300" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> |
|[img[PDF symbol| Bungee Jumps|
!Terminal Velocity and Newton's 3rd Law |[img[PDF symbol| [[Bronco Sky Dives|
!Bugatti Veyron vs Euro Fighter - Top Gear - BBC * [[Watch this super car on You Tube.|
!Newspaper article from The Oregonian newspaper (Portland, Oregon) * Discusses how bullets travel far greater distances than most people understand. |[img[Word symbol| Handout| Article.pdf]]|
!Use the principles of FluidMechanics to solve these problems: # A foam kickboard is very difficult to keep submerged in a pool due to the high F~~b~~ acting on it. Calculate the Force difference due to the water depth alone between the top and bottom of a foam kickboard whose dimensions are: ## L = 60 cm, W = 25 cm; D = 5 cm. ''//Hint:'' Find the volume of water being displaced. The weight (N) of the water displaced = F~~b~~.//
!Great Eastern Empire that maintained the legacy of classical Greece and the engineering of the Romans. > Represents the [[thread of Applied Science|TracingTheGreeksFire]] after the downfall of Rome. Kept the engineering of ArchiMedes intact and helped disseminate these ideas to Arabic cultures. * Constantinople, its capital on the straits of the Bosporus, was the center for learning, economic and political power after the fall of Rome (485 CE) through the Middle Ages. * The empire functioned till 1453 CE when Constantinople fell to the Islamic Ottoman Turks. ** the tradition of science as technology continued through the Renaissance ** Great Ottoman astronomer who observed the 1577 comet with better instruments than TychoBrahe: [[Taqi ad-Din| ** Also invented a steam engine-like device that pushed on turbine blades to cause motion in 1551, far earlier than any European. ** The orbit of comet 1577-V1 is now known: [[JPL labs| * See [[TracingTheGreeksFire]] for details on this civilization's role in preserving NaturalPhilosophy. * Home of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church after 1054 CE. * Constantinople's great libraries were sacked and looted in the Fourth crusade in 1204 AD (Roman Christians killing Greek Christians). [img[Byzantine Empire map|
!Brian Cox's talk at TED in California in April 2008 about this massive structure under the French/Swiss border and what they hoped to find with it's enormous energies. * On 12-14-2011 CERN scientists announced that they were closing in on the elusive Higgs Boson, the [[fundamental particle that gives mass inertia.| |<html><object width="526" height="374"> <param name="movie" value=""></param> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /> <param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/> <param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param> <param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"></param> <param name="flashvars" value="vu=" /> <embed src="" pluginspace="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgColor="#ffffff" width="526" height="374" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="vu="></embed> </object></html>|
* Map of the [[microwave|ElectroMagnetic]] cosmic background radiation depicting the density map of matter at about 300,000 years after the Big Bang. * Shows the ''clumpiness of hydrogen and helium'' one would expect if stars and galaxies were to develop later (see HubbleDeepField). * This mapping won the Nobel prize in 2006. Discovery of the background radiation itself won the Nobel prize in 1978. * See CosmoLogy for more info [img[COBE map of radiation from the moment light was free to travel outwards when H atoms formed| <html><div align="left"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="670" height="250"> </iframe> </div></html>
!Acronym of the seven landmarks that science uses to anchor its maps of the world. |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;C@@ @@font-size:18pt;uriosity@@ | [img[curiosity| |>|Hypothesis: A testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations.| |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;O@@ @@font-size:18pt;BJECTIVITY@@ | [img[objectivity| |Fact: In science, an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed.| |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;M@@ @@font-size:18pt;EASUREMENT@@ | [img[measurement| | |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;S@@ @@font-size:18pt;IMPLICITY@@ | [img[simplicity| |Law: A descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances.| |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;T@@ @@font-size:18pt;ESTABILITY@@ |[img[testability| |Theory: In science, a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. | |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;A@@ @@font-size:18pt;CCESSIBILITY@@ | [img[accessibility| | |@@text-shadow:red 1px 1px 3px;font-size:22pt;R@@ @@font-size:18pt;OOM FOR DOUBT@@ | [img[room for doubt| |
!Functions that involve using the ~TI-84 calculator (or ~TI-83+)
!2016-17 8th Physical Science Homework |!Trimester| !Assignments due in that month | | Fall Trimester | [[August-September HW 2016|HW-09-1617]] | |~| [[October HW 2016|HW-10-1617]] | |~| [[November HW 2016|HW-11-1617]] | | Winter Trimester | [[December HW 2015|HW-12-1617]] | |~| [[January HW 2017|HW-01-1617]] | |~| [[February HW 2017|HW-02-1617]] |
/***
|Name|CalendarPlugin|
|Source|
|Version|1.5.1|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Original Author|SteveRumsby|
|License|unknown|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|display monthly and yearly calendars|
NOTE: For //enhanced// date popup display, optionally install:
*[[DatePlugin]]
*[[ReminderMacros|
!!!Usage:
<<<
|{{{<<calendar>>}}}|full-year calendar for the current year|
|{{{<<calendar year>>}}}|full-year calendar for the specified year|
|{{{<<calendar year month>>}}}|one month calendar for the specified month and year|
|{{{<<calendar thismonth>>}}}|one month calendar for the current month|
|{{{<<calendar lastmonth>>}}}|one month calendar for last month|
|{{{<<calendar nextmonth>>}}}|one month calendar for next month|
|{{{<<calendar +n>>}}}<br>{{{<<calendar -n>>}}}|one month calendar for a month +/- 'n' months from now|
<<<
!!!Configuration:
<<<
|''First day of week:''<br>{{{config.options.txtCalFirstDay}}}|<<option txtCalFirstDay>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
|''First day of weekend:''<br>{{{config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend}}}|<<option txtCalStartOfWeekend>>|(Monday = 0, Sunday = 6)|
<<option chkDisplayWeekNumbers>> Display week numbers //(note: Monday will be used as the start of the week)//
|''Week number display format:''<br>{{{config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat }}}|<<option txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat >>|
|''Week number link format:''<br>{{{config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat }}}|<<option txtWeekNumberLinkFormat >>|
<<<
!!!Revisions
<<<
2011.01.04 1.5.1 corrected parameter handling for {{{<<calendar year>>}}} to show entire year instead of just first month. In createCalendarMonthHeader(), fixed next/previous month year calculation (use parseInt() to convert to numeric value). Code reduction (setting options).
2009.04.31 1.5.0 rewrote onClickCalendarDate() (popup handler) and added config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags. Partial code reduction/cleanup. Assigned true version number (1.5.0)
2008.09.10 added '+n' (and '-n') param to permit display of relative months (e.g., '+6' means 'six months from now', '-3' means 'three months ago'. Based on suggestion from Jean.
2008.06.17 added support for config.macros.calendar.todaybg
2008.02.27 in handler(), DON'T set hard-coded default date format, so that *customized* value (pre-defined in config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt is used.
2008.02.17 in createCalendarYear(), fix next/previous year calculation (use parseInt() to convert to numeric value). Also, use journalDateFmt for date linking when NOT using [[DatePlugin]].
2008.02.16 in createCalendarDay(), week numbers now created as TiddlyLinks, allowing quick creation/navigation to 'weekly' journals (based on request from Kashgarinn)
2008.01.08 in createCalendarMonthHeader(), 'month year' heading is now created as TiddlyLink, allowing quick creation/navigation to 'month-at-a-time' journals
2007.11.30 added 'return false' to onclick handlers (prevent IE from opening blank pages)
2006.08.23 added handling for weeknumbers (code supplied by Martin Budden (see 'wn**' comment marks). Also, incorporated updated by Jeremy Sheeley to add caching for reminders (see [[ReminderMacros]], if installed)
2005.10.30 in config.macros.calendar.handler(), use 'tbody' element for IE compatibility. Also, fix year calculation for IE's getYear() function (which returns '2005' instead of '105'). Also, in createCalendarDays(), use showDate() function (see [[DatePlugin]], if installed) to render autostyled date with linked popup. Updated calendar stylesheet definition: use .calendar class-specific selectors, add text centering and margin settings
2006.05.29 added journalDateFmt handling
<<<
!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.CalendarPlugin= { major: 1, minor: 5, revision: 1, date: new Date(2011,1,4)};
// COOKIE OPTIONS
var opts={ txtCalFirstDay: 0, txtCalStartOfWeekend: 5, chkDisplayWeekNumbers: false, txtCalFirstDay: 0, txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat: 'w0WW', txtWeekNumberLinkFormat: 'YYYY-w0WW', txtCalendarReminderTags: 'reminder'
};
for (var id in opts) if (config.options[id]===undefined) config.options[id]=opts[id];
// INTERNAL CONFIGURATION
config.macros.calendar = { monthnames:['Jan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul','Aug','Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'], daynames:['M','T','W','T','F','S','S'], todaybg:'#ccccff', weekendbg:'#c0c0c0', monthbg:'#e0e0e0', holidaybg:'#ffc0c0', journalDateFmt:'DD MMM YYYY', monthdays:[31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31], holidays:[ ] // for customization see [[CalendarPluginConfig]]
};
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarIsHoliday(date)
{ var longHoliday = date.formatString('0DD/0MM/YYYY'); var shortHoliday = date.formatString('0DD/0MM'); for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.calendar.holidays.length; i++) { if( config.macros.calendar.holidays[i]==longHoliday || config.macros.calendar.holidays[i]==shortHoliday) return true; } return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.calendar.handler = function(place,macroName,params) { var calendar = createTiddlyElement(place, 'table', null, 'calendar', null); var tbody = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tbody'); var today = new Date(); var year = today.getYear(); if (year<1900) year+=1900; // get journal format from SideBarOptions (ELS 5/29/06 - suggested by MartinBudden) var text = store.getTiddlerText('SideBarOptions'); var re = new RegExp('<<(?:newJournal)([^>]*)>>','mg'); var fm = re.exec(text); if (fm && fm[1]!=null) { var pa=fm[1].readMacroParams(); if (pa[0]) this.journalDateFmt = pa[0]; } var month=-1; if (params[0] == 'thismonth') { var month=today.getMonth(); } else if (params[0] == 'lastmonth') { var month = today.getMonth()-1; if (month==-1) { month=11; year--; } } else if (params[0] == 'nextmonth') { var month = today.getMonth()+1; if (month>11) { month=0; year++; } } else if (params[0]&&'+-'.indexOf(params[0].substr(0,1))!=-1) { var month = today.getMonth()+parseInt(params[0]); if (month>11) { year+=Math.floor(month/12); month%=12; }; if (month<0) { year+=Math.floor(month/12); month=12+month%12; } } else if (params[0]) { year = params[0]; if(params[1]) { month=parseInt(params[1])-1; if (month>11) month=11; if (month<0) month=0; } } if (month!=-1) { cacheReminders(new Date(year, month, 1, 0, 0), 31); createCalendarOneMonth(tbody, year, month); } else { cacheReminders(new Date(year, 0, 1, 0, 0), 366); createCalendarYear(tbody, year); } window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// cache used to store reminders while the calendar is being rendered
// it will be renulled after the calendar is fully rendered.
window.reminderCacheForCalendar = null;
//}}}
//{{{
function cacheReminders(date, leadtime)
{ if (window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) return; window.reminderCacheForCalendar = {}; var leadtimeHash = []; leadtimeHash [0] = 0; leadtimeHash [1] = leadtime; var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, leadtimeHash, null, 1); for(var i = 0; i < t.length; i++) { //just tag it in the cache, so that when we're drawing days, we can bold this one. window.reminderCacheForCalendar[t[i]['matchedDate']] = 'reminder:' + t[i]['params']['title']; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarOneMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{ var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr'); createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon]+' '+year, true, year, mon); row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr'); createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1); createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonth(calendar, year, mon)
{ var row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr'); createCalendarMonthHeader(calendar, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon]+' '+ year, false, year, mon); row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr'); createCalendarDayHeader(row, 1); createCalendarDayRowsSingle(calendar, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarYear(calendar, year)
{ var row; row = createTiddlyElement(calendar, 'tr'); var back = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); var backHandler = function() { removeChildren(calendar); createCalendarYear(calendar, parseInt(year)-1); return false; // consume click }; createTiddlyButton(back, '<', 'Previous year', backHandler); back.align = 'center'; var yearHeader = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarYear', year); yearHeader.align = 'center'; yearHeader.setAttribute('colSpan',config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?22:19);//wn** var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); var fwdHandler = function() { removeChildren(calendar); createCalendarYear(calendar, parseInt(year)+1); return false; // consume click }; createTiddlyButton(fwd, '>', 'Next year', fwdHandler); fwd.align = 'center'; createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 0); createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 3); createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 6); createCalendarMonthRow(calendar, year, 9);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthRow(cal, year, mon)
{ var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon], false, year, mon); createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+1], false, year, mon); createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, config.macros.calendar.monthnames[mon+2], false, year, mon); row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); createCalendarDayHeader(row, 3); createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon);
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarMonthHeader(cal, row, name, nav, year, mon)
{ var month; if (nav) { var back = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); back.align = 'center'; back.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg; var backMonHandler = function() { var newyear = year; var newmon = mon-1; if(newmon == -1) { newmon = 11; newyear = parseInt(newyear)-1;} removeChildren(cal); cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31); createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon); return false; // consume click }; createTiddlyButton(back, '<', 'Previous month', backMonHandler); month = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarMonthname') createTiddlyLink(month,name,true); month.setAttribute('colSpan', config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?6:5);//wn** var fwd = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); fwd.align = 'center'; fwd.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg; var fwdMonHandler = function() { var newyear = year; var newmon = mon+1; if(newmon == 12) { newmon = 0; newyear = parseInt(newyear)+1;} removeChildren(cal); cacheReminders(new Date(newyear, newmon , 1, 0, 0), 31); createCalendarOneMonth(cal, newyear, newmon); return false; // consume click }; createTiddlyButton(fwd, '>', 'Next month', fwdMonHandler); } else { month = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, 'calendarMonthname', name) month.setAttribute('colSpan',config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers?8:7);//wn** } month.align = 'center'; month.style.background = config.macros.calendar.monthbg;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayHeader(row, num)
{ var cell; for(var i = 0; i < num; i++) { if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers) createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn** for(var j = 0; j < 7; j++) { var d = j + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0); if(d > 6) d = d - 7; cell = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td', null, null, config.macros.calendar.daynames[d]); if(d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d == (config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1)) cell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg; } }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDays(row, col, first, max, year, mon) { var i; if (config.options.chkDisplayWeekNumbers){ if (first<=max) { var ww = new Date(year,mon,first); var td=createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn** var link=createTiddlyLink(td,ww.formatString(config.options.txtWeekNumberLinkFormat),false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode( ww.formatString(config.options.txtWeekNumberDisplayFormat))); } else createTiddlyElement(row, 'td');//wn** } for(i = 0; i < col; i++) createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); var day = first; for(i = col; i < 7; i++) { var d = i + (config.options.txtCalFirstDay - 0); if(d > 6) d = d - 7; var daycell = createTiddlyElement(row, 'td'); var isaWeekend=((d==(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0) || d==(config.options.txtCalStartOfWeekend-0+1))?true:false); if(day > 0 && day <= max) { var celldate = new Date(year, mon, day); // ELS 10/30/05 - use <<date>> macro's showDate() function to create popup // ELS 05/29/06 - use journalDateFmt if (window.showDate) showDate(daycell,celldate,'popup','DD', config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt,true, isaWeekend); else { if(isaWeekend) daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.weekendbg; var title = celldate.formatString(config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt); if(calendarIsHoliday(celldate)) daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.holidaybg; var now=new Date(); if ((now-celldate>=0) && (now-celldate<86400000)) // is today? daycell.style.background = config.macros.calendar.todaybg; if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders == null) { var link = createTiddlyLink(daycell, title, false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(day)); } else var button = createTiddlyButton(daycell, day, title, onClickCalendarDate); } } day++; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Create a pop-up containing:
// * a link to a tiddler for this date
// * a 'new tiddler' link to add a reminder for this date
// * links to current reminders for this date
// NOTE: this code is only used if [[ReminderMacros]] is installed AND [[DatePlugin]] is //not// installed.
function onClickCalendarDate(ev) { ev=ev||window.event; var d=new Date(this.getAttribute('title')); var date=d.formatString(config.macros.calendar.journalDateFmt); var p=Popup.create(this); if (!p) return; createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),date,true); var rem='\\n\\<\\<reminder day:%0 month:%1 year:%2 title: \\>\\>'; rem=rem.format([d.getDate(),d.getMonth()+1,d.getYear()+1900]); var cmd="<<newTiddler label:[[new reminder...]] prompt:[[add a new reminder to '%0']]" +" title:[[%0]] text:{{store.getTiddlerText('%0','')+'%1'}} tag:%2>>"; wikify(cmd.format([date,rem,config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags]),p); createTiddlyElement(p,'hr'); var t=findTiddlersWithReminders(d,[0,31],null,1); for(var i=0; i<t.length; i++) { var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'), t[i].tiddler, false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(t[i]['params']['title'])); } Popup.show(); ev.cancelBubble=true; if (ev.stopPropagation) ev.stopPropagation(); return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function calendarMaxDays(year, mon)
{ var max = config.macros.calendar.monthdays[mon]; if(mon == 1 && (year % 4) == 0 && ((year % 100) != 0 || (year % 400) == 0)) max++; return max;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRows(cal, year, mon)
{ var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0); if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1 + 7; var day1 = -first1 + 1; var first2 = (new Date(year, mon+1, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0); if(first2 < 0) first2 = first2 + 7; var day2 = -first2 + 1; var first3 = (new Date(year, mon+2, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0); if(first3 < 0) first3 = first3 + 7; var day3 = -first3 + 1; var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon); var max2 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+1); var max3 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon+2); while(day1 <= max1 || day2 <= max2 || day3 <= max3) { row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7; createCalendarDays(row, 0, day2, max2, year, mon+1); day2 += 7; createCalendarDays(row, 0, day3, max3, year, mon+2); day3 += 7; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function createCalendarDayRowsSingle(cal, year, mon)
{ var row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); var first1 = (new Date(year, mon, 1)).getDay() -1 - (config.options.txtCalFirstDay-0); if(first1 < 0) first1 = first1+ 7; var day1 = -first1 + 1; var max1 = calendarMaxDays(year, mon); while(day1 <= max1) { row = createTiddlyElement(cal, 'tr'); createCalendarDays(row, 0, day1, max1, year, mon); day1 += 7; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
setStylesheet('.calendar, .calendar table, .calendar th, .calendar tr, .calendar td { text-align:center; } .calendar, .calendar a { margin:0px !important; padding:0px !important; }', 'calendarStyles');
//}}}!Cannon Launch Momentum & Energy Problem # a 25 kg cannonball is fired vertically up at 100 m/s from a buried cannon. Neglect air resistance in this problem. Use unit labels on all parts. Show your work and box your final answer. ## What is its momentum as it leaves the cannon? ## What is its kinetic energy as it leaves the cannon? ## What is its potential energy as it leaves the cannon? ## What is its total energy as it leaves the cannon? ## What is its total energy of the cannonball as it passes the top of a 300 m building? ## What is the potential energy of the cannon ball as it passes the top of a 300 m building? ## What is the kinetic energy of the cannon ball as it passes the top of a 300 m building? ## What is the velocity of the cannon ball as it passes the top of a 300 m building?
!How well-built is a Smart Car (36 mpg)? <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Purdue University carbon emissions map <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
*EPA's [[online family carbon footprint calculator| | !Global Carbon Footprint graphic. [[Source.| | |[img[Carbon footprint|
!Technological changes over 40 years on increasing the time of impact for vehicle occupants. <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!~Side-by-Side impact tests <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
|[img[PDF symbol| Off a Cliff handout| * Lincoln Town car vs. Honda Civic
!Science cartoons of note!
!Questions over Neil ~DeGrasse Tyson's essay [["Certain Uncertainties Part I"| * The cartoon below by Tom Gauld in the New Scientist magazine shows the different and humorous ways scientists can categorize their analysis of problems with data. |<html><div align="left"><img src="" alt="Cartoon by John Gauld on the different ways scientists can categorize their analysis of problems with data" width="500" border="0" /></div></html>|''1. Explain what you think is meant by "Initial uncertainty is a natural element of the scientific method..." ''| |~| ''1a. Can you give an example of this occurring in science that is not in this article?'' | |~|''2. Why do you think that scientific publications that use fairly "unassertive language" to describe their initial findings are often ignored in the popular press?'' | |~|''3. In the article there are several astrophysical claims described that were later found to be unfounded. For each claim below, identify ''why'' it was overturned:'' | |~| ''3a. The Sun orbits the Earth'' | |~| ''3b. The young age of the Earth'' | |~| ''3c. Asteroid 1997 ~XF11's collision with earth'' |
!Just what you think they are- stinking pits of offal * Without public sanitation systems, London at the start of the 19th century still ran on a Medieval disposal system for human waste. * Basements in tenement housings had pits where the waste was stored- ''cess pools''. * In the 1700's, before the IndustrialRevolution, workers called 'night men' would haul the nitrogen-rich wastes to the farms surrounding London for a profit. * The first attempt to cure the CholeraEpidemic was based on an idea of [[Miasma]] or bad smells being the source of the disease. Plumbing the cess pools by draining them into the Thames River in the early 1800's only spread the water-borne disease to spread even further. ** See JohnSnow. ** When the problem of clean water and odor became unbearable for the upper class it was finally fixed in the 1860's: [[London's 'Great Stink' and Victorian Urban Planning]]. [img[London tenement cross-section: cesspool at the bottom|
!Introduction to 8th Physical Science in the HewittBook. * Course Organizational Items * Prologue of Hewitt. * This introductory unit will also include the following:
!Basic Motion & Newton's First Law * HistoryOfPhysics ** AriStotle vs. GaliLeo * Rate, Time, Distance * Velocity, Acceleration (see D-V-A) introduced. * Forces ** Equilibrium ** Weight ** Support Forces
!NewtonsLaws: Second Law | NewtonsLaws-Objectives |
!Newton's 3rd Law * For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. * See [[NewtonsLaws]] | NewtonsLaws-Objectives |
!Covers [[Momentum]] > Topics related to 'bashing power' and the conservation of this kg*m/s quantity. | Mo_Energy-Objectives |
!Concepts of [[Energy]]
!LawOfUniversalGravitation, Orbital Mechanics, & [[Projectiles]] * Projectile-Objectives !!Other links of note:
!ThermalEnergy and ThermoDynamics !HeatTransfer * Current topic of major discussion: GlobalWarming & GreenhouseGas
!Static and Current [[Electricity]] | [[Electricity Objectives|EM-Objectives]] | !!Important Topics:
!MagNetism and Electromagnetic InDuction | [[Magnetic Objectives|EM-Objectives]] | * "Magic of Magnetism" science exhibit homepage has a [[great introduction to magnets.| * More detailed java based simulations at the [[National Magnetic lab at FSU.| !!Important Topics:
![[Waves]] Intro and [[Sound]] | Waves-Objectives | [[Ripple Tank applet| |
![[Light]] and [[Color]] * See Waves-Objectives
![[Light]] [[Waves]] |Waves-Objectives | [[Ripple Tank applet| |
!Chapter covering weather systems from 7th Earth science. * See AtmoSphere * See HydroSphere
!The Solar System * Covered in 7th Earth Science and again when Ch07Hewitt is discussed in terms of the LawOfUniversalGravitation. |!Section| |The Solar Sytem and It's Formation | |The Sun | |The Inner Planets | |The Outer Planets | |Earth's Moon | |Failed Planet Formation |
!The Law of Universal Gravitation + the Projectile Equation (D~~y~~) will be given to you on the test. > SHOW YOUR WORK on another sheet of paper. # A C-31 transport plane will be traveling at 45 m/s due East when they approach a hilltop firebase in Afghanistan. They plan to drop a hardened resupply crate (50 kg) from a height of 500 m onto a nearby open field (the ‘target zone’). (Assume no air resistance and a g= -10 m/s^^2^^). ## Determine the time in seconds that it will take for the crate to fall to the ground. ## Determine V~~x~~ and V~~y~~ at the moment the crate hits the ground. ## What will the crate’s total velocity be when it hits the ground? ## At what horizontal distance before they are directly over the target should they release the crate in order to make a direct hit on the target drop zone?? # Follow-up to #1 above: If the crate is not to crash, it needs a parachute (like the care package crate in Black Ops…). Assuming that the crate + chute has a terminal vertical velocity of 5 m/s and a terminal horizontal velocity of 12 m/s (as soon as it leaves the plane at 500 m up), recalculate A, B, C, & D above. # Using the law of universal gravitation, find the weight of a 500 kg robot that lands on the surface of Europa, a moon of Jupiter whose salty oceans under a frozen crust may harbor some form of life. ## Mass of Europa = 4.8E22 kg; Diameter of Europa = 3,138 km # The mass of a neutron star is 3E30 kg and has a radius of 8 km. It would have acceleration on its surface of how many m/s^^2^^ due to its gravity? ## Hint: What part of the Law of Universal Gravitation tells you little “g”? ## What if you compared your weight on earth (g= -9.8 m/s^^2^^) to your weight on the surface of this burned out star where all of the protons and electrons have fused into a single type of elemental particle? | Backup |[img[Word| Test Problem Set| |
!China's program to explore (and claim?) the high ground from 2010- 2020 * The Chinese [[soft-landed a rover on the moon on 12/14/13.| * [[Forbes magazine (12/14/13) discusses "China's Space Agenda".| |<html><iframe width="640" height="480" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
!A water-borne bacterial disease that causes severe dysentery and kills by dehydration. * Water contaminated by human waste is the vector for a bacterium whose protein toxins help to spread this organism to other hosts via dysentery and contaminated water supply. * Landmark of scientific investigation by JohnSnow at the BroadStreetPump. * [[Current World Health Organization data on Cholera outbreaks.| * There are currently 2 oral vaccines (drink it from a small cup) available for high risk populations: [[Dukoral and Shanchol| with 85% and 65% successes respectively. ** You can compare these death rates to the current [[Ebola epidemic in Africa according to the WHO.| | Graph of Cholera deaths in the 1865-66 epidemic. [[Source.| | Cholera before vs. after. The 'blue death' as seen in this 19th century etching is due to the thickening and pooling of venous blood under the skin due to dehydration. [[Source.| | | [img[Graph of Cholera deaths in the 1865-66 epidemic| | [img[Cholera before vs. after| | * To put this in perspective, the United Nations reported in 2010: > "The world has met the Millennium Development Goal target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water, well in advance of the ~MDG 2015 deadline, according to a report issued today by UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO). Between 1990 and 2010, more than two billion people gained access to improved drinking water sources, such as piped supplies and protected wells. United Nations ~Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said, “Today we recognize a great achievement for the people of the world. This is one of the first ~MDG targets to be met. The successful efforts to provide greater access to drinking water are a testament to all who see the ~MDGs not as a dream, but as a vital tool for improving the lives of millions of the poorest people.” >“For children this is especially good news,” said UNICEF Executive Director Anthony Lake. “@@Every day more than 3,000 children die from diarrheal diseases.@@ Achieving this goal will go a long way to saving children’s lives.” Lake warned that victory could not yet be declared as at least 11% of the world’s population—783 million people—are still without access to safe drinking water, and billions without sanitation facilities. >“The numbers are still staggering,” he said, “But the progress announced today is proof that ~MDG targets can be met with the will, the effort and the funds.” > The report highlights, however, that the world is still far from meeting the ~MDG target for sanitation, and is unlikely to do so by 2015. Only 63% of the world now have improved sanitation access, a figure projected to increase to only 67% by 2015, well below the 75% aim in the ~MDGs. Currently 2.5 billion people still lack improved sanitation.
* Do your work on ''another sheet of paper''.
A) List all givens in the word problem ("x = y"). Not all of them may be needed in the problem.
B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the given conversion factors or any metric conversion factors, as needed.
C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer.
D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled.
----
!Chuck Norris Cringes on these Conversions!
1. Your new house needs to have it's exterior painted with a fresh coat of paint. Your house is a box whose end sides are 28 ft x 10 ft and your front & back sides are 10 ft by 72 ft. Each gallon of this paint will cover an area of 4x5 meters^^2^^ on the exterior. Each gallon of paint costs $14.99. What is the total cost of the paint required to coat the entire exterior of your house in one coat?
2. A pentacene molecule has been [[imaged by IBM using a novel Atomic Force Microscope| This is the first time a molecule's anatomy has been directly observed at the nanoscale level. Pentacene is an oblong organic molecule consisting of 22 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms measuring 1.4 nanometers in length and about 0.26 nm in width. If a 1 cm by 1 cm square was covered completely with a flat layer of pentacene molecules, how many hydrogen atoms would be present?
|<<player id=8 image What we've thought this carbon (grey) and hydrogen (white) molecule of pentacene looks like. |
|~| IBM's imaging of pentacene's anatomy using the AFM microscope. |
3. While exploring the depths of a cave in the Andes, you stumble upon an ancient crypt that contains a giant cube of gold composed of small blocks of the lustrous metal with an image of a fanged monster embossed on one side. You estimate the monster cube is 3 times your height on a side. Hoping that it this giant object is solid, you gingerly remove a single small block of gold and find it is also a cube which perfectly covers your palm. It is very heavy- about equal to your backpack of roughly 40 lbs. Since gold is at $1000 per troy ounce (14.58 troy ounces = 1 lb), you quickly start doing a total dollar value calculation in the sand for this monster cube. Your eyes gleam with greed as you draw your unit grid. Sadly, you never notice the actual fanged monster on top of the cube watching you intensely. What would your total value estimation have been if your head had remained on your shoulders little longer?
4. As computers become widespread and powerful they use quite a bit of electricity to run and communicate with each other. In Dallas this electricity comes mainly from fossil fuel- coal- which produces carbon dioxide when burned. Assume that each [[email you compose generates four grams of carbon dioxide to create, send and receive. By contrast, spam messages generate just 0.3 grams of carbon dioxide since they are rapidly generated by machines. It has been estimated that 62 trillion unsolicited e-mails (spam) were sent in 2008. This represents about 97% of all messages sent in 2008. How many metric tons (1000 kg) of carbon dioxide were generated by all of the email, spam and normal, in 2008?*@@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;End of problem is this color@@ and the @@Start of the problem is this color.@@
* Do your work on ''another sheet of paper''.
A) List all givens in the word problem ("x = y"). Not all of them may be needed in the problem.
B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the given conversion factors or any metric conversion factors, as needed.
C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer.
D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled.
----
!Answers to "Chuck Norris Cringes on these Conversions!"
1. Your new house needs to have it's exterior painted with a fresh coat of paint. Your house is a box whose end sides are 28 ft x 10 ft and your front & back sides are 10 ft by 72 ft. Each gallon of this paint will cover an area of 4x5 meters on the exterior. Each gallon of paint costs $14.99. What is the @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;total cost of the paint@@ required to coat the @@entire exterior of your house@@ in one coat?
* There are 2 sides of 10 x 72 ft and 2 sides of 28 x 10 ft. Each sides area must be summed up to find total area in ft^^2^^.
* Area of 4 sides of house in ft^^2^^ [img[arrow right| in^^2^^ [img[arrow right| cm^^2^^ [img[arrow right| m^^2^^ [img[arrow right| gallons paint [img[arrow right| $
| ((2*(28*10)+(2*(10*72))) ft^^2^^ | (12*12) in^^2^^ | (2.54* 2.54) cm^^2^^ | m^^2^^ | 1 gal | $14.99 |
| 1 house | 1 ft^^2^^ | 1 in^^2^^ | (100*100) cm^^2^^ | (4*5) m^^2^^ | 1 gal |
|''Answer = $139.26/ house'' |
2. A pentacene molecule has been [[imaged by IBM using a novel Atomic Force Microscope| This is the first time a molecule's anatomy has been directly observed at the nanoscale level. Pentacene is an oblong organic molecule consisting of 22 carbon atoms and 14 hydrogen atoms measuring 1.4 nanometers in length and about 0.26 nm in width. If a @@1 cm by 1 cm square was covered@@ completely with a flat layer of pentacene molecules, how @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;many hydrogen atoms@@ would be present?
* This is like # of sheets of paper to cover the US, except this time it is # of hydrogen atoms per square. Start with a given area (1 cm^^2^^) and find the # of hydrogen atoms in the molecules that cover it. Area will need to be converted to # molecules and then # of hydrogen atoms. Use the base unit (m^^2^^) in your calculation so that you don't mess up on the decimal points!
* 1 cm^^2^^ [img[arrow right| m^^2^^ [img[arrow right| nm^^2^^ [img[arrow right| molecules [img[arrow right| hydrogen atoms
| 1 cm^^2^^ | 1 m^^2^^ | (1E9 * 1E9) nm^^2^^ | 1 molecule | 14 hydrogen atoms |
| square | (100*100) cm^^2^^ | 1 m^^2^^ | (1.4 * 0.26) nm^^2^^ | 1 molecule |
|''Answer is 3.85E15 hydrogen atoms / square'' | ''3.8 Petaatoms of hydrogen per square'' |
3. While exploring the depths of a cave in the Andes, you stumble upon an ancient crypt that contains a giant cube of gold composed of small blocks of the lustrous metal with a fanged monster embossed on one side. You estimate the monster cube is 3 times your height on a side. Hoping that it this giant object is solid, you gingerly remove a single small block of gold and find it is also a cube which perfectly covers your palm. It is very heavy- about equal to your backpack of roughly 40 lbs. Since gold is at $1000 per troy ounce, you quickly start doing a total dollar value calculation in the sand for @@this monster cube.@@ Your eyes gleam with greed as you draw your unit grid. Sadly, you never notice the actual fanged monster on top of the cube watching you intensely. What would your @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;total value estimation@@ have been if your head had remained on your shoulders little longer?
* You'll have to make some ''reasonable assumptions'' about the relative dimensions used here. Thus each solution will be unique, but should remain within an ''acceptable range.'' I'll break this one into a couple of steps to make it easier to visualize.
* In my case, I'm a little over 6 ft or 1.85 m tall. My hand's palm is about 10 cm or 0.1 m wide, which is what I will use for the sides of the smaller cube.
* Start with finding total volume of monster cube in m^^3^^. Volume converts to mass which converts to $.
* 1 monster cube [img[arrow right| # persons on a side [img[arrow right| meters on a side.
** Note: you can also use (horrors!) English units (ft, in) here since they'll cancel- you just need to figure out how many small cubes fit into the larger cube.
| 1 monster cube | 3 persons | 1.85 m |
| 1 | 1 monster cube side | 1 person |
| ''Answer = 5.55 m/side ''|
* Volume of Monster cube [img[arrow right| m^^3^^ [img[arrow right| # small cubes [img[arrow right| lbs [img[arrow right| ounces [img[arrow right| $
| 1 monster cube volume | (5.55* 5.55*5.55) m^^3^^ | 1 small cube | 40 lbs | 14.58 troy ounces | $1000 |
| 1 | 1 monster cube volume | (0.1*0.1*0.1) m^^3^^ | 1 small cube | 1 lb | 1 troy ounce |
| ''Answer = $9.7E10'' | ''97 Billion dollars'' |
*BTW, the total amount of gold mined by humans is 158,000 metric tons. The total value of all the gold ever mined would be around $4.5 trillion.
4. As computers become widespread and powerful they use quite a bit of electricity to run and communicate with each other. In Dallas this electricity comes mainly from fossil fuel- coal- which produces carbon dioxide when burned. Assume that each [[email you compose generates four grams of carbon dioxide to create, send and receive. By contrast, spam messages generate just 0.3 grams of carbon dioxide since they are rapidly generated by machines. It has been estimated that 62 trillion unsolicited e-mails (spam) were sent in 2008. This represents about 97% of all messages sent in 2008. How @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;many metric tons (1000 kg) of carbon dioxide@@ were generated by @@all of the email, spam and normal, in 2008@@?
!!!!! Find each type of emails grams of CO~~2~~ in 2008 and add them together to get the total amount in g of CO~~2~~.
* Find spam email grams of CO~~2~~ in 2008.
* # spam emails [img[arrow right| grams CO~~2~~
| 62E12 spam emails | 0.3 grams CO~~2~~ |
| 1 | 1 spam email |
| ''Answer: 1.86E13 g CO~~2~~ for all spam emails'' |
* Find normal email grams of CO~~2~~ in 2008.
* If 62E12 spams = 97% of the total email, then normal email = 3% of all emails. Find the total email # so we can find the # of normal emails.
** //Example:// If 8 is 80% of a total, then to find the unknown total: 8/x = 0.8; ''x'' = 8/ 0.8 = 10.
** 62E12 spams/ x total emails = 0.97; x total emails = 62E12/ 0.97 = 6.39E13 total emails.
** Total normal emails = 3% of total = (0.03* 6.39E13) emails = 1.92E12 normal emails
* # normal emails [img[arrow right| grams CO~~2~~
| 1.92E12 normal emails | 4 grams CO~~2~~ |
| 1 | 1 normal email |
| ''Answer: 7.67E12 g CO~~2~~ for all normal emails'' |
* Add both together to get the total and convert to metric tons.
* total grams [img[arrow right| kg [img[arrow right| metric tons of CO~~2~~
|( 7.67E12 + 1.86E13) g | 1 kg | 1 metric ton or mt |
| all email CO~~2~~ | 1000 g | 1000 kg |
| ''Answer = 2.63E7 metric tons of CO~~2~~ in 2008 from all emails'' |
* //Note://This amount is 166x greater than the mass in metric tons of all of the gold ever mined!!Your class info goes here.
* Here is a link to how I structured my 8th science class info (inline below). Just click on ''view'', copy the contents you want, and paste them over the
{{{<html>}}} section when you edit this tiddler.
<html><div align="center">
<iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="400">
</iframe>
</div></html>Using abbreviated formatting codes interpreted by some sophisticated ~JavaScript and cascading style sheet markup language to create quick, portable, and collapsible class files. A vehicle for publishing microcontent.
!Long term weather patterns primarily due to interactions between the AtmoSphere and HydroSphere. * Current concerns: GlobalWarming [img[Seasonal heating differences due to solar insolation|
!The result of [[IsaacNewton]]'s comprehensive set of equations that described the motion of earthly and heavenly bodies with clockwork precision in 1688. * A view of the universe as a rational and rule-driven place where universal truths dominant. * Crucial to a period of history known as [[the Enlightenment.|
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|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
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//}}}!Bizarro comic |[img[Don't you love unit analysis comics?| | [[Source: Cartoonistgroup.com| |
Quicktime Movie Player <<player id=3
!The Cold Atom Lab will orbit in the ISS in 2016 <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!The perception in the brain of various wavelengths of visible light being [[absorbed|AbSorption]] by [[cones in the retina|HumanEye]] |[[Source of Image.| & additive primaries| TALK on the how we see color</center></h2><iframe width="448" height="252" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>| * Solid PigMents absorb, [[resonate with|ReSonance]], and subtract certain wavelengths of light. These are [[SubtractiveColor]]s. ** A blue pigment resonates and absorbs all BUT blue light, which it reflects back to your eye. ** Subtractive primary colors are Cyan, Magenta, & Yellow. * Light primary colors are Red, Green, & Blue. This is how projectors and TV's create images- they paint with light. [[AdditiveColor]]s are pure light. ** the [[cones in your retina|HumanEye]] [[absorb|AbSorption]] either Red, Green, or Blue light. * Please run the java applet on [[this web page to do additive color.| * Practice ColorQuiz.
[img[Word symbol| [[Practice Color and EM radiation quiz| Quiz 07.doc]]
!When the direction of the [[wave's|Waves]] movement and the vibration direction match. * Also called ''Longitudinal Waves''. * [[Sound]] waves (we map out the density changes in air to create a transverse graph of this compression wave). ** "crest" of the highest density= __compression__ zone ** "trough" of the lowest density = __rarefaction__ zone * P-waves in earthquakes | Compression waves in a slinky. P-wave analogy. [[Source.| | | [img[Slinky compression wave| |
!HeatTransfer via direct contact of a heat source (higher temp area) and a heat sink (lower temp area) * Hot skillet cooks via direct contact to the steak. [img[cooking via conduction|
!HeatTransfer via fluids and gravity # Fluids ''decrease their density'' at a heat source (higher temp area) by expanding # Fluids rise into a less dense, cooler heat sink (lower temp area) zone and ''cool, increasing their density'' again # Fluids, now cooler and denser, ''fall back'' under the influence of gravity to resume the Convection Cycle again |[img[Convection Cycle| | ''Thunderstorm cumulus nibmus supercells form under the rapid convection of warmed rising air. They form an 'anvil top' when the air mass hits a thermal barrier known as the [[Tropopause|AtmoSphere]] which forces the mass outwards.'' | | <html><a href="" target="blank" title="Convection by GloriousFool, on Flickr"><img src="" width="500" height="300" alt="Convection"></a></html> |
* [[Conceptual Physics Online Topics at PhysicsFront.org|
!Part 1 of the PBS NOVA show "Absolute Zero" about the mastering the science of cold (2008). * [[Show website at PBS.org| * [[NOVA's interactive timeline of events in this video| !!!Key sections for ConquestOfCold-Questions. ** Time mark ''0:00'' to the ''31:00 mark'': Development of a concept of cold as a lack of molecular motion covering ''Drebbel to Tudor''. ** Time mark ''31:00'' to the ''53:00 mark'': Modern refrigeration covering ''Carnot to Carrier''.
* See the ~YouTube video of the ConquestOfCold NOVA program about the pursuit of cold technology. * You can also see the transcript of the program [[here.| !! ''Answer the questions below on notepaper:'' # Give a single sentence on the contributions/ achievements of these people mentioned in the video ([[you can also see the timeline| to get their contributions): ## Drebbel, [[Boyle|BoylesLaw]], Fahrenheit, Celsius, Amontons, Lavoisier, Count Rumford, Joule, Tudor, Faraday, Carnot, Joule, Birdseye, & Carrier. # LawsOfThermodynamics were outlined by Kelvin based on the work of Joule and Carnot. ## Summarize each of the 3 laws and relate them to trying to cool objects. # Steam power was first used to make industrial ice using ammonia coolant in the [[refrigeration cycle.| The steam has now been replaced by electric pumps. This was how Dallas's own [[Texas Icehouse in downtown started making ice | (cool St. Mark's connection = bonus question on test!). ## Why did we have to understand ''heat engines'' before we could make effective __cold engines__? ## What are the key features of all __cold engines__? # How did mastering the technology of cold change our world here in Dallas in the 20th century? Can you identify 4 major changes to urban life? # What are two unique properties of supercold (2 K) materials?
![[Energy]] cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another * One of the great discoveries of 19th century physics * See LawsOfThermodynamics * Efficiency of machines is based on Output/ Input. Total Energy will be conserved, but waste heat will reduce the amount of work being output. ** See the [[fuel economy efficiency standards for current automobiles.|
!Mass cannot be created nor destroyed under normal condition, only rearranged to form new combinations. * Under special conditions, such as in NuclearFusion or NuclearFission, mass can be converted directly to energy. ** This leads to the equation [[E=mc2]].
![[Momentum]] cannot be created nor destroyed in the universe, only transferred from object to another in the form of collisions. * ''Sum of ρ~~before event~~ = Sum of ρ~~after event~~'' ---- * ''Inelastic collisions'' = ''F * t'' = ''m * Δ v'' ** Simple Collision tables are used for head-on impacts: | //quantity// | Bullet | Block | Bullet + block | //Units// | | m | 0.2 | 60 | 60.2 | kg | | v | 300 | 0 | !0.997 | m/s | | m*v | 60 | 0 | 60 | kg*m/s | | p~~tot~~ |>|>| 60 | kg*m/s | * VectorAddition and using the Pythagorean Theorem is needed for inelastic collisions at right angles. ---- * ''Elastic collisions'' = ''F * 2t'' = ''m * 2Δv''; ** Complex Collision tables are used to track the 2Δv in these collisions. ** ''Elastic collisions'' are more devastating due to the bounce that: *** first slows down the object (first Δv), *** then stores KE as PE in the elastic compression of the object's material, and then *** speeds the object out in a different direction (second Δv). * See Video-Momentum for examples. [img[Elastic collision in a soccer header|
!Mikolai Kopernik or Nicholas Copernicus, skilled Polish mathematician and astronomer, 1473-1543. |[img[a young Copernicus with his drawing of the heliocentric model and tools of the naked eye astronomer.| | | [[Source: Natural Science 102 Lecture notes at ASU.| | * Asked by the Roman Catholic Church to help devise a better calendar in 1541 using celestial observations ** The Julian Calendar had no leap years and the liturgical (church) lunar-based calendar that followed it (thanks to Justinian and the ByzantineEmpire) was getting seriously out of synch with the seasons by then. * Presented a HelioCentric model of the solar system to account for his observations of the planet's motions, which replaced the GeoCentric model of AriStotle. ** His HelioCentric model used the perfectly circular motions that PtoLemy had developed for the path's of the planets. ** Copernicus was never able to get this circular model to work without adding little epicycles like PtoLemy had to. *** Kepler solved this problem with elliptical orbits in the HelioCentric model.
The original TiddlyWiki code by JeremyRuston is ©2005 by [[osmosoft|
!Study of the Cosmos (universe) and its origins.
!Origins of the Universe and matters relating to ~Space-Time !!!!''Terms to know:'' |''singularity, quark, cosmic background radiation, nebular collapse, protostar, space-time, supernova, dark matter''| > The [[StarStuff Part1]] video is very helpful if you don't remember any of this from last year (or weren't at SM then). A. Be able to put these events in their proper timeline order (as shown below) and briefly describe them: # Singularity expansion- the BigBang # Basic matter and nuclei formation ## Briefly state how light becomes "stuff". ([[E=mc2]]) # Atom formation & escape of the cosmic background radiation ## See the COBEmap ## Why is this image significant to scientists? # Formation of first stars due to nuclear fusion ## What is a ProtoStar and how does it relate to a [[Nebulae]]? ## see the HubbleDeepField ## What must occur in a [[Nebulae]] for a star to be born? State materials and temperatures needed for fusion to occur. # What are [[end options|LifeOfaStar]] for supergiant stars? ## Under what conditions do SupernovaType2 occur? ## What happens when "maximum scrunch" occurs in the iron core? ## How was this process crucial for current life on earth? # What are [[end options|LifeOfaStar]] for smaller stars like [[Sol|Sol's Position in Milky Way]]? B. What was Einstein's major idea about ~Space-Time and gravity?
!~Distance-Velocity-Acceleration * Relates to data sets and their graphs for these 3 properties of moving objects. * Covered in Ch02Hewitt, Ch03Hewitt. [img[Distance graph| !!See:
![[D-V-A]] Practice #2 worksheet |[img[PDF symbol| [[DVA Graph Practice #2| Graph Practice 2.pdf]]|
* An excel graph blank with 'A'-level [[D-V-A]] graph creation. |[img[Excel symbol| [[DVA Graph Practice #3| practice 3.xls]]|
* Done after doing [[DVA Graph #3]] in class. |[img[PDF symbol| [[DVA Graph Practice #4| Graph Practice 4.pdf]]|
* Done after doing [[DVA Graph #4]] in class. |[img[PDF symbol| [[DVA Graph Practice #5|
| [img[PDF symbol| [[DVA Practice #2| |
!Sketch a velocity graph for all of these problems that involve [[D-V-A]]. > Graph paper is recommended. # A car enters a freeway at 5 m/s and speeds up to 9 m/s in 6 seconds. ## Find the distance traveled during this time. # A car comes off a freeway and goes 40 meters in 6 seconds, ending in a velocity of 4 m/s. ## If the car had a constant (-) acceleration during this time, what formula could find that value knowing just d, t, and V~~final~~? ### Hint: see [[BasicMotion-Objectives]]. ### Solve for acceleration during this six second period. ## Find the V~~start~~ of the car. # A rocket accelerates 25 m/s^^2^^ for 4 seconds from a start of zero. Find the distance traveled during this time. # A rock drops 12 seconds into a really deep hole before hitting bottom. Find the depth of this hole. ## Assume earth conditions (g = -10 m/s^^2^^ with no air resistance) in these problems.
!Sketch a velocity graph, show your setups, and box your answer with the appropriate units. # A car accelerates for 30 seconds at 0.5 m/s^^2^^. Its starting speed is 3 m/s. Find its ending speed. A= Δv / Δt ## Find the total distance traveled during that time. # A skateboarder moving at 4 m/s goes up a hill with a constant upwards slope. He slows down at -1 m/s^^2^^. Find his speed at the top of the hill, which he reaches in 3 seconds. # A 1976 Camaro can accelerate from rest to 60 mph in 7 seconds. How many m/s^^2^^ is this rate? ## How fast will it be going after accelerating at this rate for 5 seconds?
!~Distance-Velocity-Acceleration graphs= Area: Y-axis: Slope of line | ''@@Velocity vs. Time graph@@'' with __constant @@color:red;(+)@@ acceleration__ from rest. ''@@color:blue;Area of triangle = distance traveled = 1/2* Δv* Δt OR 1/2 * a * t^^2^^@@'' | | [img[TriangleOfAccelerationGraph| | | ''@@Velocity vs. Time graph@@'' with __constant @@color:red;(-)@@ acceleration__ from a initial velocity. ''@@color:blue;Area of triangle = distance traveled = 1/2* Δv* Δt OR 1/2 * a * t^^2^^@@'' | | [img[TriangleOfDecelerationGraph| ]] | | ''@@Velocity vs. Time graph@@'' showing an __''already'' moving object slowing down at a constant @@color:red;(-)@@ acceleration__. ''@@color:blue;Add d~~1~~ + d~~2~~ to find total area or ''distance'' traveled while ''slowing down.''@@'' | | [img[Triangle of Deceleration on rectangle graph| | | ''@@Velocity vs. Time graph@@'' showing an __''already'' moving object speeding up at a constant @@color:red;(+)@@ acceleration__. ''@@color:blue;Add d~~1~~ + d~~2~~ to find total area or ''distance'' traveled while ''speeding up.''@@'' | | [img[Triangle of Acceleration on rectangle graph| |
!Applying what you learned in [[Lab-MotionDetector]] to do [[D-V-A]] problems. * Solving word problems about BasicMotion using graphs. !!Practice Problems:
|[img[PDF symbol| [[DVA-Simple Practice Sheet|
/***
|Name|[[DatePlugin]]|
|Source|
|Documentation|
|Version|2.7.3|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|formatted dates plus popup menu with 'journal' link, changes and (optional) reminders|
This plugin provides a general approach to displaying formatted dates and/or links and popups that permit easy navigation and management of tiddlers based on their creation/modification dates.
!!!!!Documentation
>see [[DatePluginInfo]]
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkDatePopupHideCreated>> omit 'created' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideChanged>> omit 'changed' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideTagged>> omit 'tagged' section from date popups
<<option chkDatePopupHideReminders>> omit 'reminders' section from date popups
<<option chkShowJulianDate>> display Julian day number (1-365) below current date
see [[DatePluginConfig]] for additional configuration settings, for use in calendar displays, including:
*date formats
*color-coded backgrounds
*annual fixed-date holidays
*weekends
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2011.04.23 2.7.3 added config.macros.date.tipformat for custom mouseover tooltip and config.macros.date.leadtime for custom reminder leadtime (default=90 days)
2010.12.15 2.7.2 omit date highlighting when hiding popup items (created/changed/tagged/reminders)
|please see [[DatePluginInfo]] for additional revision details|
2005.10.30 0.9.0 pre-release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.DatePlugin= {major: 2, minor: 7, revision: 3, date: new Date(2011,4,23)};
config.macros.date = { format: 'YYYY.0MM.0DD', // default date display format linkformat: 'YYYY.0MM.0DD', // 'dated tiddler' link format tipformat: 'YYYY.0MM.0DD', // 'dated tiddler' link tooltip format leadtime: 31, // find reminders up to 31 days from now linkedbg: '#babb1e', todaybg: '#ffab1e', weekendbg: '#c0c0c0', holidaybg: '#ffaace', createdbg: '#bbeeff', modifiedsbg: '#bbeeff', remindersbg: '#c0ffee', weekend: [ 1,0,0,0,0,0,1 ], // [ day index values: sun=0, mon=1, tue=2, wed=3, thu=4, fri=5, sat=6 ], holidays: [ '01/01', '07/04', '07/24', '11/24' ] // NewYearsDay, IndependenceDay(US), Eric's Birthday (hooray!), Thanksgiving(US)
};
config.macros.date.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{ // default: display current date var now =new Date(); var date=now; var mode='display'; if (params[0]&&['display','popup','link'].contains(params[0].toLowerCase())) { mode=params[0]; params.shift(); } if (!params[0] || params[0]=='today') { params.shift(); } else if (params[0]=='filedate') { date=new Date(document.lastModified); params.shift(); } else if (params[0]=='tiddler') { date=store.getTiddler(story.findContainingTiddler(place).id.substr(7)).modified; params.shift(); } else if (params[0].substr(0,8)=='tiddler:') { var t; if ((t=store.getTiddler(params[0].substr(8)))) date=t.modified; params.shift(); } else { var y = eval(params.shift().replace(/Y/ig,(now.getYear()<1900)?now.getYear()+1900:now.getYear())); var m = eval(params.shift().replace(/M/ig,now.getMonth()+1)); var d = eval(params.shift().replace(/D/ig,now.getDate()+0)); date = new Date(y,m-1,d); } // date format with optional custom override var format=this.format; if (params[0]) format=params.shift(); var linkformat=this.linkformat; if (params[0]) linkformat=params.shift(); showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat);
}
window.showDate=showDate;
function showDate(place,date,mode,format,linkformat,autostyle,weekend)
{ mode =mode||'display'; format =format||config.macros.date.format; linkformat=linkformat||config.macros.date.linkformat; // format the date output var title=date.formatString(format); var linkto=date.formatString(linkformat); var tip=date.formatString(config.macros.date.tipformat); // just show the formatted output if (mode=='display') { place.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title)); return; } // link to a 'dated tiddler' var link = createTiddlyLink(place, linkto, false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(title)); link.title = tip; link.date = date; link.format = format; link.linkformat = linkformat; // if using a popup menu, replace click handler for dated tiddler link // with handler for popup and make link text non-italic (i.e., an 'existing link' look) if (mode=='popup') { link.onclick = onClickDatePopup; link.style.fontStyle='normal'; } // format the popup link to show what kind of info it contains (for use with calendar generators) if (autostyle) setDateStyle(place,link,weekend);
}
//}}}
//{{{
// NOTE: This function provides default logic for setting the date style when displayed in a calendar
// To customize the date style logic, please see[[DatePluginConfig]]
function setDateStyle(place,link,weekend) { // alias variable names for code readability var date=link.date; var fmt=link.linkformat; var linkto=date.formatString(fmt); var cmd=config.macros.date; var co=config.options; // abbrev if ((weekend!==undefined?weekend:isWeekend(date))&&(cmd.weekendbg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.weekendbg; } if (hasModifieds(date)||hasCreateds(date)||hasTagged(date,fmt)) { link.style.fontStyle='normal'; link.style.fontWeight='bold'; } if (hasReminders(date)) { link.style.textDecoration='underline'; } if (isToday(date)) { link.style.border='1px solid black'; } if (isHoliday(date)&&(cmd.holidaybg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.holidaybg; } if (hasCreateds(date)&&(cmd.createdbg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.createdbg; } if (hasModifieds(date)&&(cmd.modifiedsbg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.modifiedsbg; } if ((hasTagged(date,fmt)||store.tiddlerExists(linkto))&&(cmd.linkedbg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.linkedbg; } if (hasReminders(date)&&(cmd.remindersbg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.remindersbg; } if (isToday(date)&&(cmd.todaybg!='')) { place.style.background = cmd.todaybg; } if (config.options.chkShowJulianDate) { // optional display of Julian date numbers var m=[0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334]; var d=date.getDate()+m[date.getMonth()]; var y=date.getFullYear(); if (date.getMonth()>1 && (y%4==0 && y%100!=0) || y%400==0) d++; // after February in a leap year wikify('@@font-size:80%;<br>'+d+'@@',place); }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function isToday(date) // returns true if date is today { var now=new Date(); return ((now-date>=0) && (now-date<86400000)); }
function isWeekend(date) // returns true if date is a weekend { return (config.macros.date.weekend[date.getDay()]); }
function isHoliday(date) // returns true if date is a holiday
{ var longHoliday = date.formatString('0MM/0DD/YYYY'); var shortHoliday = date.formatString('0MM/0DD'); for(var i = 0; i < config.macros.date.holidays.length; i++) { var holiday=config.macros.date.holidays[i]; if (holiday==longHoliday||holiday==shortHoliday) return true; } return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Event handler for clicking on a day popup
function onClickDatePopup(e) { e=e||window.event; var p=Popup.create(this); if (!p) return false; // always show dated tiddler link (or just date, if readOnly) at the top... if (!readOnly || store.tiddlerExists(this.date.formatString(this.linkformat))) createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),this.date.formatString(this.linkformat),true); else createTiddlyText(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),this.date.formatString(this.linkformat)); addCreatedsToPopup(p,this.date,this.format); addModifiedsToPopup(p,this.date,this.format); addTaggedToPopup(p,this.date,this.linkformat); addRemindersToPopup(p,this.date,this.linkformat); Popup.show(); e.cancelBubble=true; if(e.stopPropagation)e.stopPropagation(); return false;
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexCreateds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by creation date
{ var createds= { }; var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers('title','excludeLists'); for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) { var date = tiddlers[t].created.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD') if (!createds[date]) createds[date]=new Array(); createds[date].push(tiddlers[t].title); } return createds;
}
function hasCreateds(date) // returns true if date has created tiddlers
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideCreated) return false; if (!config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds(); return (config.macros.date.createds[date.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')]!=undefined);
}
function addCreatedsToPopup(p,when,format)
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideCreated) return false; var force=(store.isDirty() && when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')==new Date().formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')); if (force || !config.macros.date.createds) config.macros.date.createds=indexCreateds(); var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160); var createds = config.macros.date.createds[when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')]; if (createds) { createds.sort(); var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'created ('+createds.length+')'); for(var t=0; t<createds.length; t++) { var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),createds[t],false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+createds[t])); } }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexModifieds() // build list of tiddlers, hash indexed by modification date
{ var modifieds= { }; var tiddlers = store.getTiddlers('title','excludeLists'); for (var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) { var date = tiddlers[t].modified.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD') if (!modifieds[date]) modifieds[date]=new Array(); modifieds[date].push(tiddlers[t].title); } return modifieds;
}
function hasModifieds(date) // returns true if date has modified tiddlers
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideChanged) return false; if (!config.macros.date.modifieds) config.macros.date.modifieds = indexModifieds(); return (config.macros.date.modifieds[date.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')]!=undefined);
}
function addModifiedsToPopup(p,when,format)
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideChanged) return false; var date=when.formatString('YYYY0MM0DD'); var force=(store.isDirty() && date==new Date().formatString('YYYY0MM0DD')); if (force || !config.macros.date.modifieds) config.macros.date.modifieds=indexModifieds(); var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160); var mods = config.macros.date.modifieds[date]; if (mods) { // if a tiddler was created on this date, don't list it in the 'changed' section if (config.macros.date.createds && config.macros.date.createds[date]) { var temp=[]; for(var t=0; t<mods.length; t++) if (!config.macros.date.createds[date].contains(mods[t])) temp.push(mods[t]); mods=temp; } mods.sort(); var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'changed ('+mods.length+')'); for(var t=0; t<mods.length; t++) { var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),mods[t],false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+mods[t])); } }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function hasTagged(date,format) // returns true if date is tagging other tiddlers
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideTagged) return false; return store.getTaggedTiddlers(date.formatString(format)).length>0;
}
function addTaggedToPopup(p,when,format)
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideTagged) return false; var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160); var tagged=store.getTaggedTiddlers(when.formatString(format)); if (tagged.length) var e=createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'tagged ('+tagged.length+')'); for(var t=0; t<tagged.length; t++) { var link=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),tagged[t].title,false); link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+tagged[t].title)); }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function indexReminders(date,leadtime) // build list of tiddlers with reminders, hash indexed by reminder date
{ var reminders = { }; if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders!=undefined) { // reminder plugin is installed var t = findTiddlersWithReminders(date, [0,leadtime], null, null, 1); for(var i=0; i<t.length; i++) reminders[t[i].matchedDate]=true; } return reminders;
}
function hasReminders(date) // returns true if date has reminders
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideReminders) return false; if (window.reminderCacheForCalendar) return window.reminderCacheForCalendar[date]; // use calendar cache if (!config.macros.date.reminders) config.macros.date.reminders = indexReminders(date,config.macros.date.leadtime); // create a reminder cache return (config.macros.date.reminders[date]);
}
function addRemindersToPopup(p,when,format)
{ if (config.options.chkDatePopupHideReminders) return false; if(window.findTiddlersWithReminders==undefined) return; // reminder plugin not installed var indent = String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160); var reminders=findTiddlersWithReminders(when, [0,config.macros.date.leadtime],null,null,1); createTiddlyElement(p,'div',null,null,'reminders ('+(reminders.length||'none')+')'); for(var t=0; t<reminders.length; t++) { link = createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),reminders[t].tiddler,false); var diff=reminders[t].diff; diff=(diff<1)?'Today':((diff==1)?'Tomorrow':diff+' days'); var txt=(reminders[t].params['title'])?reminders[t].params['title']:reminders[t].tiddler; link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(indent+diff+' - '+txt)); } if (readOnly) return; // readonly... omit 'new reminder...' command var rem='\\<\\<reminder day:%0 month:%1 year:%2 title:"Enter a reminder title here"\\>\\>'; rem=rem.format([when.getDate(),when.getMonth()+1,when.getYear()+1900]); var cmd="<<newTiddler label:[["+indent+"new reminder...]] prompt:[[add a reminder to '%0']]" +" title:[[%0]] text:{{var t=store.getTiddlerText('%0','');t+(t.length?'\\n':'')+'%1'}} tag:%2>>"; wikify(cmd.format([when.formatString(format),rem,config.options.txtCalendarReminderTags||'']), createTiddlyElement(p,'li'));
}
//}}}![[James Burke's landmark series from the BBC| * Connecting the history of science and technology to the fundamental events that shape today's world.
![[James Burke's BBC series| charts the rise of the modern world with a tongue-in-cheek narrative. !! 1 of 5: Austrian Palace to Copernicus <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
![[James Burke's BBC series| charts the rise of the modern world with a tongue-in-cheek narrative. !! 2 of 5: Copernicus to Benadetti's cannon firing <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
![[James Burke's BBC series| charts the rise of the modern world with a tongue-in-cheek narrative. !! 3 of 5: Brahe's Island to GaliLeo's Trial <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
![[James Burke's BBC series| charts the rise of the modern world with a tongue-in-cheek narrative. !! 4 of 5: GaliLeo's Trial to IsaacNewton's roller coaster <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
![[James Burke's BBC series| charts the rise of the modern world with a tongue-in-cheek narrative. !! 5 of 5: Newton's roller coaster to the ClockworkUniverse. * Important info for the Projectile-Objectives Essay Question on Objective #2c.
* What will happen when the current truce or equilibrium between radiation and gravity is broken as our sun runs out of H and He fuel in 7 billion years? <html><div align="center"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div> </html>
[[HW-10-1617]]
![[Waves]] appear to bend around the edges of objects if their wavelength is close to the size of the object or opening that they encounter. * This can be useful depending on the size of the object or obstruction that you are bouncing or shining the waves onto. ** Objects that are @@significantly smaller@@ than the wavelengths used to illuminate them tend to be unobservable since they don't influence the waves that have bent around them. *** Ex: Floating buoys don't leave 'wave shadows' if the λ~~swells~~ > the width of the buoy. * Understanding diffraction's interference patterns led to the understanding of the [[wave nature|Waves]] of light. It also is crucial for choosing the right wavelength for an illumination source so that you can discern features of interest. ** If you're trying to use waves to see an embryo in a womb, you have to have a small enough wavelength (high enough frequency) of sound waves to resolve the embryo from it's surroundings. ** @@Choose a wavelength that is, at minimum, at least ''2x smaller'' than the size of the object in question to ''minimize'' diffraction's interference patterns.@@ * InterFerence patterns due to diffraction is one of the key pieces of evidence for the ~Wave-Particle duality of light and electrons. ** Ex. Tiny slits that match or are smaller than the wave that impacts them will noticeably bend light. !!Resources: ** [[A java applet showing the interference patterns| for different colors of VisibleLight and a single slit or narrow opening. ** Technical discussion of [[diffraction ratings for lens in cameras (light does bend coming through the edges of a lens, which is a bad thing for a photographer)| |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Wave diffraction through a narrow opening or slit" width="300" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Wave diffraction illustrated via a concert hall" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html> | | [[Image Source.| | [[Image Source.| | | [img[Diffraction of visible light by the tiny ridges on a CD yields a rainbow effect| | At left the diffraction of visible light by the tiny ridges on a CD or DVD yields a rainbow effect. The wavelength of the light relative to the spacing of the ridges is critical. [[Source.| |
!Steady, unchanging voltage found in output of a battery when the circuit is closed. * Requirement for almost all electronic circuits. * Can be used to make a __DC Motor__. [[See this applet at FSU.| [img[9V battery|
* You can add the code for each of these small icons in front of a download file in order to indicate what sort of file your reader should expect to find.
*Code format follows:
*Generic code format follows:
{{{
[img[Mouse over text title for the image|Web Address of image]]
[img[PDF symbol|
[img[Word symbol|
[img[Excel symbol|
[img[ZIP file symbol|
[img[Logger Pro file|
}}}!When the source of a vibration moves away or towards an observer, the wavelength of the vibration @@appears@@ to change. * See the [[UCLA java applet that illustrates this phenomenom| shown by passing police sirens (sound) and accelerating stars (light). * The approaching waves appear to drop in [[wavelength|Waves]] (higher pitch or bluer light). * The receeeding waves appear to increase in [[wavelength|Waves]] (lower pitch or redder light). | Doppler shift due to a moving wave source (the train moving towards the left). [[Image Source.| | |[img[Doppler Shift|
|[img[Rummel| teacher at StMarks (St. Mark's School of Texas) in Dallas since 1998. Graduated with a BS in General Science from [[Oregon State University| in 1983 and an MAT in Science Education from the [[University of Texas at Dallas| in 1988. Previously taught at [[Brookhaven Community College| and the [[Greenhill School| Currently teaches 8th Physical science and Information Engineering for seniors. [[Robotics Team| Coach since 1998. | | Helped develop the [[Infinity Project| curriculum in 2000 and is a Master Instructor for the program. |>| | Office: S209 Login to [[smtexas.org| to see contact information. |>|
* [[Einstein-online: a great source for interpreting his famous equations| * [[Hyperphysics: short descriptions of fusion and fission| that are key nuclear processes where energy is converted to mass and vice-versa. <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="500"> </iframe> </div></html> > Alan Guth, Theoretical Physicist, MIT. "It's easiest to explain by how things looked from the point of view of Newton." > Running time 1:46
!Extra Credit Chicken Gun Myth Busters episode problem: > Due by 4 pm on 1/4/16 * Calculate the Force (in Newtons) needed to accomplish the following collision: ** mass = 4 lbs. ** delta velocity = -141 mph. ** time of impact = 7 thousandths of a second. * [[Email your setup & answer to me|mailto:]] with "Chicken Gun EC - Lastname ~R-Code" as the subject line (you fill in ''your'' lastname and ~R-Code)
!Extra Credit problem due by 4 pm on 1/4/16. * [[Email your setup & answer to me|mailto:]] with "Gravity Well EC - Lastname ~R-Code" as the subject line (you fill in ''your'' lastname and ~R-Code). show your setup: > Using the GravityWell Comic as your guide, calculate the depth of Sol's gravity well.
!Suppose Superman gets his [[Power]] from converting large amounts of sugar stored in his muscles to motion all at once. !!Due by 4 pm on 1/4/16. # Assume the caped marvel uses the equivalent of [[1 whole 12" Bacon Cheeseburger deep dish Domino's pizza| with every punch he throws against his enemies. # How many kcalories would this be? How many Joules of [[Energy]] would this be equal to (4,186 J = 1 kcal)? # If [[Work]] is done with this punch using 90% of this total energy (10% loss is actually fantastically efficient), what would happen if: ## Superman grabs and flies a 2000 kg robot sideways with an acceleration of 2 m/s^^2^^. How far could he push this robot in meters with this energy? ## He lifts a 10,000 kg tank up with an an acceleration of 2 m/s^^2^^. How far would his lift force take this tank in meters using this energy? ## Let's see if the Kryptonian is 'as powerful as a locomotive'. Assume a freight train engine generates 5,000 kWatts. Over how many seconds would Superman need to use 90% of the single Bacon Cheeseburger deep dish Domino's pizza's energy in order to match the train's [[Power]]? # @@ [[Email your setup & answer to me|mailto:]] with "~SupermanPower EC - Lastname ~R-Code" as the subject line (you fill in ''your'' lastname and ~R-Code) by 1-11-13.@@. | What the man of Steel must eat in a single sitting! | | [img[World's largest pizza| |
!Extra Credit problem due by 4 pm on 1/4/16. * [[Email your setup & answer to me|mailto:]] with "Yoshi Jumps EC - Lastname ~R-Code" as the subject line (you fill in ''your'' lastname and ~R-Code). show your setup: | Yoshi jumps off a 15 m high cliff in Mario World (where g= -1.8 m/s^^2^^ and there is no air resistance). Yoshi hits a mushroom directly below him at the bottom of the cliff, and has his momentum redirected through a perfectly elastic bounce on this marvelous fungus. Yoshi's new trajectory is at a 45 degree angle to the ground. | | ''Find the horizontal distance that Yoshi would travel on Mario World after this bounce.'' | | Show all setups and label all values in m, kg, sec, etc. | | Would Yoshi's mass influence the range of his bounce? | | [img[Mario + Yoshi| | | [[Image Source.| |
* [[ElectroMagnetic Waves or Light|ElectroMagnetic]] will be part of the Waves-Objectives.
@@font:18px arial,sans-serif;Know these definitions and be able to give examples of them from-@@
!!Ch09Hewitt: [[Electricity]]
# ''ElectricCharge''
## know ''proton vs. electron'' charge & relative mass comparison
## [[Electrical Fields| an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its area.
## Obeys the Inverse-SquareLaw in a [[electrical field| notice how the force on the electrons changes exponentially with distance to the charged terminal.
# ''ElectricalPotential'': the capacity of an electric field to do work, typically measured in volts
## Voltage= Joules/Coulomb of charge = ''J/C = V''
### Household current in the US is 120 V AC
# ''ElectricalCurrent'': flow of electrically charged particles
## See ElectricalCurrentAnalogy image
## What is a __Coulomb__ of charge? Is it a large or small value?
## AC (AlternatingCurrent)= positive to negative in a wave-like fashion
### Used for long-distance transmission of electrical energy
## DC (DirectCurrent) = a constant amount of electrical output like those used in batteries.
## ''Amperes'' or Amps (''A'') as a measure of Coulombs/ sec (''C/ s'') (also represented by "I" for current).
### @@The amount of current is what does damage to living systems, not the voltage. @@
### Ex: Power in a circuit = P = I^^2^^ • R = Current^^2^^ * Resistance = Amps^^2^^ * Ohms = Joules/ Sec = Watts = I*V = Amps • Volts.
### Ex: 5 milliAmperes = Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing (Van de Graff generator); 50-150 mA = Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contraction; 1000-4,300 mA = Ventricular fibrillation ([[Source of current hazards info.|)
## ''Ohms'' as a measure of resistance (also termed ''R'')= Volts /Amp.
### Resistance is analogous to how much fluid friction exists in a plumbing system. More friction = more heating of the current.
| [img[Ohm's Triangle| |
| ''@@Ohm's Law of electrical current@@'' or ''Volts = Current * Resistance'' or <html><br></br></html>''Total energy per charge = (# charges/sec)*(how hard it is for the charges to flow)'' |
!!Ch10Hewitt: MagNetism
* Listing modified from James Livingston's key facts about magnets from his book [["Driving Force".|
|[img[simple compass|
| [[Compass image source.| |
# North poles point north, south poles point south.
## North pole designated @@color:red;red@@; south pole designated @@color:blue;blue@@ or white.
## North field lines emerge @@out@@ of the north pole and then bend @@to insert@@ into the south pole.
## ''Mnemonic: @@color:red;N.O.R.@@'' = @@color:red;N@@orth @@color:red;O@@ut @@color:red;R@@ed //sounds like "north""//.
# Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
# Magnetic forces act at a distance and obey the Inverse-SquareLaw.
# All magnetic fields are created by ''accelerating electrical charges.''
## All ''permanent magnets'' have unpaired electrons that have net magnetic fields that do __not__ cancel out. Clusters of such aligned atoms create MagneticDomains.
### Magnetic materials are usually ferrous or containing __iron, nickel or cobalt__. Rare earth elements such as Neodymium are are also magnetic.
## Scrambled magnetic domains or atoms whose electron level magnetic fields cancel out are ''nonmagnetic''. Examples are carbon based tissue (wood, flesh), plastics, silicates, aluminum, copper, etc.
# While magnetized, temporary magnets known as [[ElectroMagnet]]s act like permanent magnets.
## A coil of wire with an ElectricalCurrent flowing through it becomes a magnet.
## Putting iron inside a current-carrying coil increases the strength of the ElectroMagnet because there are added MagneticDomains.
## The GeoSphere's rotating molten mantle and outer core rich in conductive iron-nickel fluids creates the EarthsMagneticField.
# A changing MagneticField [[induces|InDuction]] an ElectricalCurrent in a conductor. This is Faraday's 1831 Principle of InDuction:
|''//Any electric field that changes over time will produce a magnetic field in the space around it.//''|
|''//Any magnetic field that changes over time will produce an electric field in the space around it.//''|
## The reciprocal of this is a [[charged particle|ElectricCharge]] moving along MagneticField lines experiences no net force, but when it is moving perpendicular to the field (cutting across field lines), it experiences a force perpendicular to the both the field lines __and__ direction of motion.
## A current-carrying wire in a perpendicular MagneticField experiences a force in a direction perpendicular to both the wire and the field.
| EMF= Electromotive force = force induces by field lines and charges moving perpendicular to each other. |
| [img[moving perpendicular to magnetic field lines generates a net force.| |!ElectroMagnetic Pulse * Uses a very powerful electromagnetic wave to induce so much current in a car's computer 'brains' that the electronic control systems go dead. * Notice the coiled shape- charges must accelerate in order to generate a strong magnetic field. * A nuclear blast also ionizes the air and [[generates such a pulse| over a much larger area as free electrons move along the magnetic field lines of the earth. See a [[video simulation here|NukeEMP]]. <html> <iframe title="YouTube video player" type="text/html" width="640" height="390" src="" frameborder="0" allowFullScreen></iframe> </html>
!NASA overview of the ElectroMagnetic spectrum Part I * See EM_Overview_P2 <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!NASA overview of the ElectroMagnetic spectrum Part 2 * See EM_Overview_P1 <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
<html><div align="left"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div></html> |![[Earth Story BBC series outline| | Part 1 | [[Part 2|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 2 of 5]] | [[Part 3|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 3 of 5]] | [[Part 4|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 4 of 5]] | [[Part 5|]] |
<html><div align="left"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div></html> |![[Earth Story BBC series outline| | [[Part 1|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 1 of 5]] | Part 2 | [[Part 3|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 3 of 5]] | [[Part 4|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 4 of 5]] | [[Part 5|]] |
<html><div align="left"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div></html> |![[Earth Story BBC series outline| | [[Part 1|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 1 of 5]] | [[Part 2|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 2 of 5]] | Part 3 | [[Part 4|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 4 of 5]] | [[Part 5|]] |
<html><div align="left"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div></html> |![[Earth Story BBC series outline| | [[Part 1|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 1 of 5]] | [[Part 2|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 2 of 5]] | [[Part 3|Earth Story - A World Apart Part 3 of 5]] | Part 4| [[Part 5|]] |
!Earth's Carbon Budget > __Source:__ [[Accuweather science| * You can track your own carbon footprint at CarbonCalculator. * Carbon is tracked below in ~GtC units ors ''G''iga''t''ons of' ''C''arbon or 10^^9^^ (billion) tons (metric) of carbon. * [[Report on Earth's Carbon Budget for 2012| (.pdf) from the [[Global Carbon Project|
!NOVA from WGBH in Boston video * How the AtmoSphere, HydroSphere, and BioSphere interact with each other in unique and interdependent ways. <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Electrical currents in the rotating fluid iron mantle-outer core region create a planetary electromagnet. * The MagneticField that results from this exits the earth near the poles. * The Dynamic nature of this electromagnet ([[Dynamo Effect|) | [img[Reconstruction of the earth's dynamic core.| |Reconstruction of the earth's dynamic core. [[Source:NASA.gov| | [img[Earth's magnetic field being impacted by the solar wing| | Current [[Solar Storm activity from NASA.| | |~|Earth's MagneticField is much stronger than that of either Venus or Mars and protects the BioSphere from high velocity [[ElectricCharge]]s thrown [[off by the sun|SolarStorms]] by diverting them into the poles. This gives rise to the Auroras. The same thing in the upper atmosphere by a nuclear blast is termed a NukeEMP. [[Image Source:| | [img[Aurora Borealis| | High velocity charges particles being attracted to the opposite magnetic pole lead to high energy collisions in the upper atmosphere. This ionizes the atmosphere and gives rise to shimmering sheets of excited oxygen, nitrogen and argon- the Auroras. [[Image Source:Borealis2000.com| |
|!The following shows examples of special syntax to add formatting to your tiddlers. |
| Individual topics can be found in <<tag Formatting>> |
| Online [[tips sheet for shortcuts| |
!Basic Operations in a TiddlyWiki
[[Saving|SaveChanges]]
[[PlugIns]]
[[Help and Support]]
!Embedding web content inside a tiddler
* Use the iframe tag:
{{{
<html><div align="center">
<iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600">
</iframe>
</div></html>
}}}
!How to create External Links:
{{{
[[Text that will be linked to a website|
}}}
*[[Text that will be linked to a website|
{{{
[[A link to another file on the same server|codediff.htm]]
}}}
* [[A link to another file on the same server|codediff.htm]]
* WikiWord links: Simply use more than one capital letter and no spaces to make a word a tiddler reference.
* Non-WikiWord links: If you want to reference a tiddler title that does not conform to the WikiWord format, simply surround it with {{{ [[brackets]] }}}:
*| [[Here is a sample of a Non-WikiWord link|Non-WikiWord]] |[[another link]] |
Format for finding all related tags:
<<tag YourTagHere>>
{{{
<<tag YourTagHere>>
}}}
!Tiddler insertion:
{{{
<<tiddler MicroContent>>
}}}
!Image insertion
{{{
<body> <img src="picture.jpg" alt="Pix title">
</body>
}}}
will insert the text of the tiddler MicroContent. //Note that there is no protection at the moment against inadvertantly setting up endless loops//
<<tiddler MicroContent>>
!Formatting the contents of a Tiddler
| !To get | !Type this |h
| ''Bold'' | {{{''Bold''}}} //note: these are ''single'' apostrophes, not quotation marks!//|
| --Strikethrough-- | {{{--Strikethrough--}}} |
| __Underline__ | {{{__Underline__}}} (that's two underline characters) |
| //Italic// | {{{//Italic//}}} |
| Superscript: 2^^3^^=8 | {{{2^^3^^=8}}} |
| Subscript: a~~ij~~ = -a~~ji~~ | {{{a~~ij~~ = -a~~ji~~}}} |
| @@highlight@@ | {{{@@highlight@@}}} |
| @@color:green;green colored@@ | {{{@@color:green;green colored@@}}} |
| @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;red colored@@ | {{{@@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;red colored@@}}} |
| @@bgcolor(#ff0000):red background@@ | {{{@@bgcolor(#ff0000):red background@@}}} |
| @@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:18pt;display:block;margin:1em 1em 1em 1em;border:1px solid black;Accept CSS syntax to directly style the text@@ | {{{@@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:18pt;display:block;margin:1em 1em 1em 1em;border:1px solid black;Accept CSS syntax to directly style the text@@}}} |
* ''Horizontal Rules:'' use {{{----}}}
----
!Tables:
{{{
You may not have empty spaces after the last "|" declaring the end of a row
}}}
|!table header cells are preceded with an exclamation point|regular cells are not|
|>|------ You can span multiple columns by using the "greater than" symbol ------|
|You can span multiple rows by using the "tilde" symbol|non-spanned row|
|~|non-spanned row|
|cells are left-aligned by default|''Note:'' //standard formatting syntax also works in table cells//|
| add a space on the left of the text to right-align the text|~|
| add spaces on both left and right to center cell text |~|
|bgcolor(#d0d0d0):manually change the background color for a cell|~|
* [[Table alignment test]]
* MacroGradient allows vertical color changes in a table structure.
!Standard Formatting
For ''Bulleted lists'' insert one or more {{{*}}} preceeding the item.
*Bulleted lists
**Bulleted lists
***etc.
For ''Numbered lists'' insert one or more {{{#}}} preceeding the item.
#Numbered lists
##Numbered lists
###etc.
For ''Block quotes'' insert one or more {{{>}}} preceeding the item.
>Block quotes
>>Block quotes
>>>etc.
For ''Headings:''
!Header 1
!!Header 2
!!!Header 3
!!!!Header 4
!!!!!Header 5
For ''Plain Text effect'' when you wish to describe something that would otherwise invoke an action that you don't wish to occur:
{{{
using curly brackets {} around the item: 3 times before and after
}}}
{{{Inline monospaced text}}} or
{{{Multi-line blocks of}}}
{{{monospaced text}}}
| Community [[Help and Support]] for using a Tiddlywiki |!Discover of famous comet's period; friend and defender of IsaacNewton |[img[Sir Edmund Halley| Arranged for publication of Newton's //Principia// in 1687. Used Newton's LawOfUniversalGravitation to correctly predict the period of the comet named afer him- Halley's Comet- a span of every 75-76 years. | |>|He died in 1742, having predicted the comet's return in 1758. It was first seen over Christmas of 1758, and arrived at maximum approach in 1759 due to the influence of the outer gas giants on it's orbit.| |>| [[Halley's next arrival will be in 2061| | |<<player id=8 image 600 480>>|
* Link to interactive flash animation of an [[Elastic collision between 2 balls| ** Should play within your browser in a new tab. ** Change the settings and see what happens!
!Bonus test problem [img[Word symbol| Collision Table blanks.|
!Energy stored in the position of items that have had their length altered and thus will attempt to return to their original length (equilibrium point). * Can either be due to being stretched (attracted) or squeezed (repelled). * IF objects bend when a force is applied this means that they are elastic. ** Inelastic means brittle or easily snapped. ** All materials have a point at which they stop bending, stretching, or been squeezed and just break.
! Either Negative or Positive * Negative = abundance of electrons (or a single electron) * Positive = electron hole = deficit of electrons (or a single proton).
!Force Field generated around an ElectricalCharge * Test charges are always negative (electron surplus) in nature. * [[Electrical Fields| an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its area. * Obeying the Inverse-SquareLaw in a [[electrical field| notice how the force on the electrons changes exponentially with distance to the charged terminal.
!Flow of charges to complete an electrical circuit. | Source: [[Open Book Project on Electrical Circuit basics|[img[electical flow| |>| |[img[electical flow| Electrons are shuttled from one atom to another when electrical current 'flows' in a material. Conductors do this readily due to loose outermost electrons. Insulators resist this electron movement. See ElectricalCurrentAnalogy. | | [img[Current flow| | ''Conventional current'' states that the ''+'' side of the battery is the source of the current flowing to the ''-'' terminal. Actual ''electron flow'' is from the ''-'' to the ''+'' terminal. | |To convert [[AC|AlternatingCurrent]] to [[DC|DirectCurrent]] (like recharging your cell phone), you must use an inverter as shown at right. | [img[AC to DC inverter| [[Source.| | !!!Major Concepts:
!Water Flow analogy for Electrical current: | [[Source: Open Book Project on Electricity.| | |[img[Water analogy for electrical current|
! The capacity of an electric field to do work, typically measured in volts * @@Voltage = Joules/Coulomb of charge = ''J/C = V''@@ ** Measures the potential to due work (J) divided by the # of attracted units doing the work (Coulombs of charge) ** Household current in the US is 120 V AC. * Equivalent to [[Gravitational Potential Energy|GPE]] per unit of mass. ** More mass at a lower height can be equivalent to less mass at a greater height (see image below). * A 9 Volt battery could release 9 J of energy total if 1 C of charge was to move between the terminals of the battery. ** In reality that 9:1 ratio of DirectCurrent output is only met when the battery is fresh; it's voltage will drop over time until the potential difference is too low to be useful (battery is 'dead'). *** Batteries __never run out of charge__ (the # of electrons inside remains relatively constant) but ''run out of energy'', the potential to do [[Work]]. | Ratio of energy stored/ unit of charge can be equal for different numbers of charges. [[Source: Physics Classroom.com| | | [img[ratio of energy stored/ unit of charge image| |
!Flow of electrons = current electricity !Immobile charges on a surface = [[static electricity|PotentialEnergy]] |>| Ch09Hewitt | | !Weblinks |>| | [[Wikipedia Entry on Electricity| |>| | [[Electricity Links| |>| | [[Lightning Primer| |>| !!!Fun with a giant Tesla coil: notice the 1/r^^2^^ effect on the force field's appearance! <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
!Temporary creation of often intense magnetic fields * Coil of copper wire whose current flow within the coil concentrates the magnetic fields as the electrons accelerate. ** Strength based on the # of coils of copper wire reinforcing [[induced|InDuction]] * Temporary magnetic field whose force can be used to rotate or push off against a permanent inside of the coil. [[MagneticField]]s created by the flow of given amount of ElectricalCurrent. | Simple homemade electromagnet which can attract a small iron mass, like paperclips. [[Source:Sciencephoto.com | |>| | [img[homemade electromagnet| |>| | Large electromagnet at a junkyard moves scrap iron. [[Source:Pitsco.com| | Blender Motor take-apart showing copper coils inside the electric motor. [[Source.| | | [img[junkyard electromagnet| | [img[Blender motor| |
* Electromagnetic (EM) Theory that states that [[Light]] is composed of self-reinforcing oscillating [[electrical|Electricity]] and [[MagneticField]]s (''EM Field'') that move at C~~light~~ (about 3E8 m/s in a vacuum).
** To @@color:red;see how charged particles like electrons generate light@@, see this [[great applet at Physics 2000|
** Developed mathematically by JamesClerkMaxwell. Shown to be true by Heinrich Hertz.
** [[Light]] is a TransVerse wave that requires ''no medium'' to move. It is self-generating.
* Fundamental unit is a [[Photon]] of [[Light]].
* [[Wave|Waves]] cycles/ second are measured in Hertz (Hz or 1/sec) = ''frequency''.
* Physical distance between wave peaks is termed ''wavelength''.
> See the NASA overview of these waves: EM_Overview_P1 and EM_Overview_P2 (there are video installments on all parts of the spectrum on their You Tube channel).
| !The entire landscape of light is known as the EM spectrum. Bigger and more [[detailed spectrum image.| [[Source.| |>|
| [img[EM Spectrum| |
| * Our atmosphere grabs onto and, for the briefest of instants, resonates with blue light only. This is primarily due to the actual size of the particles themselves; much like the length of a pipe determines its resonant frequency. |
| ** This is why the sky appears to be blue since it scatters only blue light based on the size of the atmosphere's particles. Only the longest wavelengths of visible light make it nearly straight down to the ground (and thus are the only ones seen at sunset through the thicker atmosphere). |
| * The unbound or “free” electrons in metals can absorb weak radio EM energy and accelerate back and forth to create standing waves within that metal whose frequency is based on the length of metal wire. |
| ** This is how antenna’s function in radio receivers. Longer antennas pick up longer period EM waves of larger wavelengths, lower energy, and lower frequency. |
| ** Conversely, electrical pulses running up and down a metal radio tower can create [[EM fluctuations that produce light|Light]] in the radio (see TeleVision) to microwave frequency range. |
| <<player id=8 600 280>> |[img[PDF symbol| Link Article| describes the grand synthesis that JamesClerkMaxwell initiated in 1867. | Electric guitar pickup illustrates the link between electric and magnetic fields first shown by Faraday in 1831. [[Source.| | |[img[Electric guitar pickup|
// //''Name:'' EmailLink
// //''Author:'' AlanHecht
// //''Type:'' [[Macro|Macros]]
// //''Description:'' email lets you list a "email" address without displaying it as readable text. This helps prevent your email address from being harvested by search engines and other web crawlers that read your page's contents. Using email, you type in the words "at" and "dot" instead of the punctuation symbols and add spaces inbetween words to disguise your address. However, email will display your email address in a web browser so that humans can read it. And email turns the address into a hyperlink that can be clicked to send you an instant email.
// //''Syntax:'' << {{{email DougRummel at yourdomain dot com "?optional parameters"}}} >>
// //Example 1: <<email sample at nowhere dot com>> (standard)
// //Example 2: <<email sample at nowhere dot com "?subject=Submission&body=Type your message here.">> (with optional parameters)
// //''Directions:'' <<tiddler MacroDirections>>
// //''Notes:'' You can use the optional email parameters to stipulate a subject or message body for the message. Most (not all) email clients will use this information to construct the email message.
// //''Related Links:'' none
// //''Revision History:''
// // v0.1.0 (20 July 2005): initial release
// // v0.1.1 (22 July 2005): renamed the macro from "mailto" to "email" to further thwart email harvesters.
// //''Code section:''
version.extensions.email = {major: 0, minor: 1, revision: 1, date: new Date("Jul 22, 2005")};
config.macros.email = {}
config.macros.email.handler = function(place,macroName,params)
{
var temp = params.join(" ");
var data = temp.split("?");
var recipient = data[0];
recipient = recipient.replace(/ +at +/,"@").replace(/ +dot +/g,".");
recipient = recipient.replace(/\s/g,"");
var optional = data[1] ? "?" + data[1] : "";
var theLink = createExternalLink(place,"ma"+"il"+"to:"+recipient+optional);
theLink.appendChild(document.createTextNode(recipient))
}|2/13/2015 |2/17/2015 |Tues || |[[HW-2015/2/17]] | |2/17/2015 |2/18/2015 |Wed| ||[[HW-2015/2/18]] | |2/18/2015 |2/19/2015 |Thur || |[[HW-2015/2/19]] | |2/19/2015 |2/20/2015 |Fri || |[[HW-2015/2/20]] | |>| ''2/20/2015'' | @@color:purple;''Winter Tri Ends''@@ |>| ''No HW Weekend'' | [img[No HW!| | |2/23/2015 |2/24/2015 |Tues || |[[HW-2015/2/24]] | |2/24/2015 |2/25/2015 |Wed || |[[HW-2015/2/25]] | |2/25/2015 |2/26/2015 |Thurs|| |[[HW-2015/2/26]] | |2/26/2015 |2/27/2015 |Fri || |[[HW-2015/2/27]] | |2/27/2015 |3/2/2015 |Mon || |[[HW-2015/3/2]] | |>|>|>|>|>| [[March 2015|HW-03-1415]] |
!Energy !!! KineticEnergy (KE) = Δ Work = force*distance = N*m = Joule (J) ** Termed the ''@@color:red;[[Work-Energy]] Theorem@@'' * ThermalEnergy * [[Sound]] * [[Electricity]] * [[Light]] * MechanicalEnergy !!! PotentialEnergy (PE) is based on an attraction or repulsion of masses. * [[GPE]] = F~~w~~* height = N*m = Joules * Chemical Potential Energy * [[Electricity]] * ElasticEnergy !!! SimpleMachines !!! ConservationOfEnergy * See LawsOfThermodynamics | [[Objectives covering Energy|Mo_Energy-Objectives]] |
!Comparison of Energy and Momentum [img[PDF symbol| vs. Momentum Overview|
!ConservationOfEnergy Problems
[img[PDF symbol| [[Energy Idea Webs pages 1-2|
* [[Nova/Frontline video| on the sources of American energy and carbon production * [[Video on worldwide energy requirements and future sources|
!Amount of disordered, low quality energy in a system; equivalent to random heat in physics. > "Entropy, ''S'', is not defined directly, but rather by an equation relating the change in entropy of the system to the change in heat of the system." //from [[Wikipedia| [img[The universe runs downhill|
|!It can be said that those things @@color:black;we fear the most, like [[CholeraEpidemic]]s,@@ are like the 'dragons' of old- fantastically horrible creatures that prowl the periphery of our understanding. Are there things out there, beyond the 'fire light', that we fear today?|>| |[img[winter of 1852- cholera in London| ''Winter of 1852, London. An editorial cartoon by the venerable publication //Punch// on the conditions in crowded London.'' | | @@font:16;[[JohnSnow]]'s death maps of cholera cases in Soho, London, 1854 on the left. Current Soho on the right. Notice how the street layout is nearly identical! @@ |>| |[img[John Snow's death maps of cholera cases in Soho, London, 1854| src="" width="800" height="600" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>| ---- !!Related topics: * [["The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever"| ** Bend, Oregon man in 2012 [[contracted bubonic plague (warning:graphic image!)|
|[img[Word symbol| [[Equilibrium Forces Worksheet| Force Diagrams.doc]]|
!First accurate calculation of the earth's circumference | Librarian of [[Alexandria;|LibraryOfAlexandria]] born 276 BC - to 194 BC |>| |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Bust of Eratosthenes" width="300" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|[img[Syene Well| [[Source: Kids Britannica.com| | * See this [[flash animation walk-through| of the calculations between Alexandria and the Well at Syene in Egypt. * Would Christopher Columbus have set sail to India over the Atlantic if he had Erastonthenes' accurate (and much larger) circumference of the Earth to work with?
!Minimum velocity required to escape the gravitational well of a planet. * Earth's V~~escape~~ = 11.2 km/sec. ** This is due to the fact that the [[GPE]] of an object at the edge of the GravityWell of the Earth is 62 ~MJoules. Solving the KE equation for a mass of 1 kg yields a velocity~~max~~ of 11, 2000 m/s. | @@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:18pt;V~~escape~~ = (√2*G* Mass/radius)@@ | | !Escape velocity diagram showing a spiral-out and escape path. [[Source: ExcelCalcs.com| | |[img[Escape velocity diagram| * How to calculate and derive the formula for this quantity: [[Hyperphysics entry on Escape velocity.|
!What might the liquid seas under the Jovian moon of Europa hold under its icy surface? > [[Source.|
!Topics to know for the Mid-year Physics Exam over two days in February 11-12th, 2016. > Worth 7% of your final grade in 8th Physical Science. This is __not__ averaged with trimester grades but is a separate category. * ''You will be RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBJECTIVES (LISTED AT THE BOTTOM) ON THE EXAM.'' ** If it is not in the objectives, you are __not__ responsible for it! ** Print out these objectives listed at the bottom of this entry or copy-paste the objectives into your own word processor to start creating an Exam Review Packet. * You will be given a page on the exam with @@color:red;all of the formulas you might need to use@@. This is ''in the download section below.'' ** These will be in the form of "F= m* a" but will not explain what ''F'', ''m'', and ''a'' stand for! * When you work on your written ''ExamReviewPacket'', try and go past just the definitions to review or rework the representative Chapter Questions that are listed. You have answered nearly all of these at some point. Look at your old tests, test corrections, quizzes, and lecture notes for further help. | The completed ExamReviewPacket, a 32 point Test grade, is due at the start of the last Exam Day. | * Many Exam questions have already been answered by you in the Homework or on past tests! * ''The Objectives below have already been worked on by you in preparing for the Unit Tests. @@color:red;Find the written reviews you should have previously done!@@'' !!!EXAM PART I is the problem calculation section (worth 60% of the exam) is on ''Wed. 2/10''. * 4 pages of short answer/ calculation/ show your work. < 30 questions total. Standard physics test length. * Questions covering same Chapters as the multiple choice section. Make sure you know your units! * 1 “create a graph and interpret it” problem * Unit analysis: you’ll be given any metric to English conversion factors you may need. * Some [[sample problems|ExamSampleProblems]]. * ''@@color:red;Part 1 Extended time tests (as granted by the Counselor) will be finished 4 pm on 2-10 in S-211.@@'' !!!EXAM PART II is the multiple choice section (worth 40% of the exam) is on ''Thurs. 2/11''. * About 60 multiple choice questions on PART II * 20 questions from Chapters 1-7 * 40 questions over the Chapters 8-13 * ''@@color:red;Part 2 Extended time tests (as granted by the Counselor) will be finished at 4 pm on 2/11 in S211.@@'' ** See the ''Multiple Choice Tests'' at the end of Chapter. The answer key for all of these can be found in Hewitt_MC-Answers. ** Don't forget the @@color:#FF3399;''hot pink names''@@ in the HistoryOfPhysics packets for mix-and-match on accomplishments. |!Download| | PhysicsExamFormulas | | [img[Word symbol| PhysicsPracticeExam | !The topics listed below will be covered by both days of the Exam during normal class time:
> A ''Physics Exam Review Packet'' needs to be assembled for a 32 point @@Test grade@@. Progress check will be on Tuesday, 2/9/16. This involves written review on your part. | The final packet, assembled and titled correctly, will be due at the start of class on Thursday, 2/11/16. | * ''As you are assembling or creating your review materials please keep these points in mind:'' * Most review packets can be classified as @@color:purple;"Weak" (20/32 pts)@@, @@color:green;"OK" (24/32 pts)@@, @@color:blue;"Good" (27/32 pts)@@, or @@color:red;"Great" (>29/32 pts).@@ I will be checking them on that Friday and collecting them for the grade on the __last day of the exams (2/11).__ * These are bound and have a ''title'' on the front with your name and class code. * An ''index/directory'' should tell the reader where to look for each different objective section. ** All flashcards (if used) should be bound together with a title card with your name and class code. Each chapter's vocab cards should have colored borders with a chapter title. A ziplock bag (labelled) can contain your bound card stacks (if you used this format- not required!!). * All objectives are in chronological order following the chapter sequence in HewittBook for Chapters 1-13. * I'm not grading by ''F~~w~~'' for these packets! I'm looking for the @@essential concepts written in your own phrasing or words!@@ ** Several typed/written pages that focus on the <<tag Exam-Physics>> objectives are more valuable than a whole bundle of papers that someone would have to dig through in order to find the definitions/ key points. ** Please ''don't include'' old tests or handouts that I have given you unless they contain substantial notes __by you__ on the essential review concepts. * A neatly organized packet with your @@original notes and thoughts@@ will earn __much higher marks__ than reprinting anything I've put together for you!
# Find the total distance traveled by a skier who accelerates at 3 m/s^^2^^ for 4 seconds from rest, and then maintains that velocity for 6 seconds. # A rocket with a mass of 1000 kg applies a force of 100,000 N on hot gases exiting from it's engine nozzles on earth. ## Draw F~~all~~ for the rocket ## Find F~~net~~ for the rocket ## Find A~~net~~ for the rocket # You lift 100 kg of stuff up 40 m above the moon (1/6 of earth’s “g”). Find the impact velocity of this stuff when [[it falls|FreeFall]] and hits the moon. # A [[lever|MechanicalAdvantage]] allows a person to apply a force that is 5x more force than they normally can. Why is this? # A [[projectile launches|Projectiles]] at 45 degrees on earth. V~~actual~~ = 60 m/s. Find D~~x~~ and D~~y~~. # A satellite of 1200 kg orbits at 2 radius’ away from the center of the earth. [[Find little “g” at this spot.|LawOfUniversalGravitation]] # Explain how a series of air pressure differences (due to ConVection) at different latitudes, starting at the equator, create unique climate belts known as [[Hadley Cells|Ch35Hewitt]] around the earth. # 2000 Joules of heat is added to a 300 gram mass and it's temperature increases by 12 Kelvin. Find the material's HeatCapacity. # A [[wave|Waves]] with 320 crests moving at 12 m/s passes at 12 Hertz. Find out how long this took. # Briefly explain the role of [[GreenhouseGas]]es in causing GlobalWarming. # A radar gun fires a 1.2 ~GHz radio wave at car on the highway and receives back a weaker 1.18E9 Hz wave. Is the car [[coming towards or away|DopplerShift]] from the radar gun? # Light travels from the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, for 4.24 light years before reaching us. Knowing the speed of [[Light]], calculate the distance in AU from earth to this star using a UnitAnalysis grid. ## 1 AU = average radius of earth to the sun = 149 597 871 km ## Our fastest spaceship, Voyager 1, now reaches a maximum velocity of 17 km/ sec. At this rate, how many years will it take to reach Proxima Centauri?
[img[Public PDF| [[Graphing using Excel for scientific work|
!Beyond our (Sol)ar system
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//}}}!1.5x time factor for testing as granted by Ms. ~VanDrie, school counselor. * Typically __one or more pages__ of a 45 minute standard test will be withheld for finishing later at a designated time. ** ''Before the test starts you may be asked to tear off half of the face-down test pages'' and leave them face down on the desk with your name on the back of those sheets. ** When half the test is finished you can decide if you wish to get the next page. You will raise your hand and when Mr. R comes to you, you can request another page. If received, that entire page ''must be finished before the remaining class time.'' ** I will allow you to 'bank' any unused time during the normal class period to be used during your additional time period. ** The extended time (1/2 of 45 minutes) is 22 additional minutes. *** ''Total extended time must be no more than 1.5x!'' * Typically the finishing of the evaluation (test) will be during the latter part of lunch ON THE SAME DAY OF THE TEST in a designated location. * Any exceptions to this must be approved by Mr. R. |''@@color:red;Any pages of a test started within a testing period MUST BE FINISHED within that same time period! Do NOT start what you cannot finish within the first normal time allotment. @@'' |
!Extra Credit Problems.
!Planets outside of our SolarSystem found by dimming light and star wobbling. * See the [[NASA homepage| for all extrasolar planetary exploration. * [[European catalog of all known Exosolar planets| > NASA's [[Kepler space based observatory homepage| has a wealth of information about the planets discovered by this space-based observatory. * [[Simulations of Kepler data.| |[img[Extrasolar planet| [[Create your own extreme planet| | [[Historic Timeline of looking for extrasolar worlds.| | | [[Image source: Nasa.gov| | NASA/ JPL jpoint simulation at Planetquest.gov |>|
!James Balog: Time-lapse proof of extreme ice loss * TED Talks conference, Sept. 2009 * Intersection of Science and Art to help understand climate change and GlobalWarming. <html> <object width="446" height="326"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"></param> <param name="flashvars" value="vu=" /><embed src="" pluginspace="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgColor="#ffffff" width="446" height="326" allowFullScreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="vu="></embed></object> </html>
!F18 fighter jet breaking sound barrier (Mach 1 ~ 340 m/s) near the ground. * Moist air crossing the ComPression shockwave boundaries at leading edges cause condensation or fog to form. <html> <iframe width="480" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!SpaceX 2 stage rocket will be a reusable and economic way to get people and materials up to low earth orbit. * See the info page [[here.| |<html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
!On paper show your work, label your values, and box your final answers. # Mike jumps out of an airplane. His total mass is 60 kg. His air resistance increases by +10 N per second until he reaches terminal velocity (yes, there is air in this problem!) ## When in the fall, in seconds, does he reach terminal velocity? 2. After he has been at terminal velocity for 8 seconds he pulls his chute open. At that moment his net acceleration is +40 m/s2. What must be the force of the air resistance caused by the parachute in Newtons at that moment? ## Sketch all forces acting on him at that moment and label them. ## Sketch the final or net Force (F~~net~~). ## F~~air~~ resistance = 3. The gravitational acceleration on Mercury at a certain elevation is 2 m/s^^2^^. If a block of concrete has a weight of 200 N on the earth, what is its: ## mass on the earth: ## mass on the Mercury: ## weight on the Mercury:
!__Fantastic Voyage__: How Scientists Figured Out the Size and Shape of the Earth- Written for Kids * by [[Joyce Hakim| __American Educator__ magazine, Fall 2004, pages 28-37,43,48.
| !Answer key |>| |[img[Word symbol| [[Fiendishly Clever Answers| |
* Do your work on ''another sheet of paper''.
A) List all givens in the word problem ("x = y"). Not all of them may be needed in the problem.
B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the given conversion factors or any metric conversion factors, as needed.
C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer.
D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled.
----
! Fiendishly Clever Conversions
1. A package of spaghetti contains 184 sticks of pasta. Each stick is 22 cm long. If there are 36 packages in a box and 48 boxes on a pallet of spaghetti, how many pallets are required to supply enough sticks of spaghetti to reach all the way around the earth? The circumference of the earth is about 25,000 miles.
2. The speed of light is 30,000,000,000 cm/second. If a laser beam takes 600 attoseconds to reach a target, how far away is the target in miles?
3. If lightning strikes in 1 picosecond, how many strikes would it take to equal a period of one week?
4. How many grams are there in 3 Gigazooblahs? Note these details:
* 1 zooblah = 1E-9 zinnies
* 3.5 zinnes = 1 larrie
* 1 larrie = 9.4 grams!Fluid Mechanics for freshmen at MIT. <html> <a href=' <img src=' border=0/> <br/>* Lecture 27: Fluid Mechanics - Pascal's Principle - Hydrostatics - Atmospheric Pressure - Over Pressure in Lungs and Tires</a><br/> <br> ** At 12:06 into the lecture, the demonstrations on the incompressibility of fluids start. by Walter H. G. Lewin of MIT, 2008. </html>
!All new formulas from this Chapter will be given to you. You are responsible for being able to: # Calculate the volume in cm^^3^^ or m^^3^^ of regular objects: ## cubes (sides^^3^^) ## cylinder (area (pi*r^^2^^))* height) ## sphere (4/3*pi*r^^3^^) # Demonstrate and use the idea of water displacement to find the volume of submerged irregular objects. ## A graduated cylinder that has a lump of clay placed in it shows a rise of 5.8 ml in water height so the volume of the clay is 5.8 ml or 5.8 cm^^3^^. # Define and identify a fluid. How do liquid and gas fluids differ in their properties? # Define ''mass and weight density'' and solve for any missing component in these formulas given the other two parts. ## You will be given all densities (rho or ''ρ'') of any substance other than pure water (which you must memorize). ### Pure water is assumed to have a density of 1 g/cm^^3^^ or 1 g /cc or 1 g /ml or 1E3 kg/m^^3^^ or 1E4 N/m^^3^^. # Define ''pressure''. Solve for any missing component in these formulas given the other two parts. ## 1 Pascal = 1 Newton/ 1 m^^2^^ =1 (kg*m/s^^2^^)/ 1 m^^2^^ = 1 (kg*m/s^^2^^) * (1/m^^2^^) = ''1 kg/ m*s^^2^^'' = 1 Pascal = 1 Pa. # Define ''atmospheric pressure'' and explain how it changes due to: ## heating, ## elevation from sea level, ## weather systems (stormy vs. sunny and clear). ### @@How does barometric pressure differences create weather systems?@@ # Know how atmospheric pressure allows ''vacuum and low pressure pumps to function.'' ## At sea Level, 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure = 14.7 lbs/ in^^2^^ ~ 101,000 Pa = 101 kPa = 1010 mbar of pressure. //These STP units (Standard Temperature and Pressure) will be given to you on the test. //
!Behavior of Fluids * Any substance that flows and takes the shape of the container into which it is poured. ** Liquids & Gases <html><a href="" target="_blank" title="Water ball by @Doug88888, on Flickr"><img src="" width="500" height="500" alt="Water ball"></a></html> !!!Key Topics in the behaviors of fluids:
* [img[PDF symbol| [[Fluid Mechanics- Handout1| * [img[PDF symbol| [[Fluid Mechanics- Handout2| ** There will be two #4 questions!
!Fluid Problem Set 1. > ''Show all setup formulas, label all values, and box the final answer.'' >> @@''Fluid pressure'' = depth (m)* weight density (N/ m^^3^^) = N/ m^^2^^ = Pascals. Assume ''g'' = 10 m/ s^^2^^@@ # Find the total weight of the air in a room with dimensions of 20 ft x 12 ft x 15 ft. The weight density of air at sea level is 0.08 pounds/ ft^^3^^. # An iron anchor weighs 250 pounds in air and has a weight density of 480 lbs/ ft^^3^^. If it is immersed in sea water that has a weight density of 64 lbs/ ft^^3^^, how much force (in lbs) would be required to lift it while it is immersed? This must be less than the F~~w~~ in air since there is a greater buoyant force in water. # An aluminum bar weighs 80 N in air and thus needs at least 80N to lift it. What net force (in N) is required to lift the bar while it is immersed in gasoline? The weight density of aluminum is 22,661 N/ m^^3^^ and that of gasoline is 6,587 N/ m^^3^^. # How much does a 20 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft swimming pool filled with water weigh in lbs? Assume the water has a weight density of 62 lbs/ ft^^3^^. # A balloon weighing 80 kg has a capacity of 1200 m^^3^^. If it is filled with helium, how great a payload can it support? The density of helium is 1.8 N/ m^^3^^ and the density of air is 12.8 N/ m^^3^^. Thus 1 m^^3^^ of helium will have a lift force of 11 N (12.8- 1.8 N) compared to the same volume of air. Express your answer in newtons. # You are going to design a MineCraft rubber duck which is, of course, cubic. You will start with a cube of unknown material that has the dimensions of 5 cm on a side. It has a mass of 500 g. ## Will it sink or float as is in pure water? ## IF it sinks, it will need to be remolded into a larger, hollow cube (mass still would be 500 g). In order to float at neutral buoyancy in water (neither rise or fall but remain static anywhere in the water column), what dimensions as a ''cube'' would enable this? //Hint: the TI calculator will find the cube or cube root of a number by choosing the ''MATH'' key, choose option #4.// ## IF you wanted the cube to float so that exactly 50% of it is submerged in water, what dimensions as a hollow cube should it have? # You descend in the submersible [[Alvin| to view [[hydrothermal vents.| ## At a depth of 2500 m in seawater (mass density = 1025 kg/ m^^3^^) what ''pressure in Pascals'' would the sub experience? ## Assuming that at sea level the air pressure is 101 kPa = 1 atm (atmosphere) of pressure, how many ''atm'' does the //Alvin// experience at that depth? # @@''BONUS''@@: A HydraulicMachine uses PascalsPrinciple to work. Like all machines it multiplies a smaller input force ''F'' by a larger distance ''D'' to do ''Work'' (measured in ''Joules''). A smaller area piston moves farther down a small shaft that is part of a closed system. This results in a connected (but much larger area) piston moving up a wider shaft a lesser distance but lifting a far greater weight. ## If a 1 m^^2^^ piston is pushed down 12 cm on one end of a HydraulicMachine, how far up would a connected 3 m^^2^^ area piston rise? ### ''@@color:green;Area of piston~~1~~@@ * @@color:blue;Displacement of Piston~~1~~@@ = @@color:green;Area of piston~~2~~@@ * @@color:blue;Displacement of Piston~~2~~@@'' ## If a 10 N force down was applied to the small piston above, what output force would the larger piston be able to give? ### ''@@color:red;Force~~1~~@@/ @@color:green;Area of piston~~1~~@@ = @@color:red;Force~~2~~@@/ @@color:green;Area of piston~~2~~@@'' | [img[Hydraulic car lift| | | Hydraulic car lift from [[Beijing Int'l. that can lift 3500kg. | |
|[img[Word symbol| [[Force & Velocity Vectors Worksheet| * See LineOfDeparture for help on the 2nd page, where you should use "g" = -9.8 m/s^^2^^. * Page 1 is "Force and Velocity Vectors" * Page 2 is a "Projectile Throw at an Angle" problem.
!Worksheet with the litlle superguy character pushing blocks around. > Introduction to FreeBodyDiagrams. |[img[Word symbol| [[Force Vector Intro| |
The focus of Web 2.0 tools is on separating ''content'' from ''format''. The simple markup codes used in a TiddlyWiki are converted by JavaScript into standard HTML. See specific examples at left for help on individual topics.
!Collection of Foxtrot books by former physics guy Bill Amend. [[Source: Wharble.com| |[img[Houston we have a problem| the Force be with you| |[img[Physics vocab| | [[Source:MrNorton.com| |>|
!Foxtrot Physics cartoon [img[Sledding lesson|
[img[Physics Test Cartoon|
!Overview of the early universe and the fracturing of the single force. [img[timeline of the big bang| > [[Source:|Aerorocket.com|
!Looking at all forces acting on an object in FreeBodyDiagrams. * Qualitative approach. |[img[Word symbol| [[Free Body Diagram 1 Problems|
! Answer key to FreeBody-Prob1 worksheet | [img[Word symbol| [[FreeBody-Prob1 worksheet answers| |
!C+ to A- level FreeBodyDiagrams. * Follow the directions at the top for each problem for ''full credit''. |[img[Word symbol| [[Free Body Diagram 2 Problems| Body Problems 2.doc]]|
!Answers with all setups for the [[FreeBody-Prob2]] sheet. |[img[Word symbol| [[Free Body Problem Set 2 Answers|
* Summing up the force interactions acting on a body or bodies within a system. ** In the picture below the vector nature of forces is reinforced with an arrow symbol above the Force name symbol. ** Summing vectors yields a final ''@@color:red;resultant.@@'' ''Forces are always added Head-To-Tail.'' ** The forces below are ''not'' interaction pairs but the portions that act solely on the block itself. | [img[Free Body Diagram| | | [[Source.| | |[img[Forces acting on a mountain bike going downhill.| | [[Source.| |
!In Dec. 2010 Wiilliam Trubridge broke the world free-diving record by going to 100m on a single breath! * [[Details from Yahoo| > Trubridge free diving in Dahab, Egypt, the Red Sea. I'm guessing about 70 m. <html> <object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object> </html>
!Falling at "g" with no air resistance. > TerminalVelocity involves air resistance.
!2 practice sheets on free fall and accelerated motion due to gravity in the absence of air. * Print out and do work directly on the sheet: |[img[PDF symbol| Fall Intro handout|
Similar to {{{[img[Rollover title|URLofImage.gif]]}}}
* Displays a Far Side Cartoon at a size smaller than the original
* Code:
{{{
<<player id=7 image auto 500 322>>
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|<<player id=7 image auto 500 322>>|!Gravitational Potential or Positional Energy * F~~w~~ * height = Joules of stored energy | ''Stored energy of position'' of the piano is its @@weight * height@@ = Newton * meters = Joules of stored [[Energy]] | | [img[Hanging piano| | | [[Source.| |
!Rise of the Galactic Center of the Milky Way, 2009. * From our perspective the heavens appear to rotate around Polaris in a 24 hour cycle. ** Of course, it's __us__ here on Earth that are rotating. <html> <object width="400" height="225"><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><param name="movie" value="" /><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="400" height="225"></embed></object><p><a href="">Galactic Center of Milky Way Rises over Texas Star Party</a> from <a href="">William Castleman</a> on <a href="">Vimeo</a>.</p> </html>
* Diagram showing [[timeline of the expansion of the universe: FracturingTheUnifiedForce. | Video about the origins of galaxies in the early universe. These will be better uncovered by the future orbiting [[Webb Space Telescope| This telescope, in production in late 2011, has gotten [[enough funding to continue.| | | <html><iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> |
!Italian physicist; refined the telescope; Father of Modern Science; 1564- 1642. * Discovered that acceleration due to gravity is independent of the weight of an object * [[Try your hand at this Flash applet on Galileo's experiments to see this in action.| * Galileo controlled air resistance in his experiments on falling objects and was the first modern experimentalist while at the University of Pisa, finishing the most important work by 1604. These ramp experiments would wait 35 years to be published. [[Rice University's Galileo Project| ** He measured motion using fair (controlled) tests that he repeated for validity * First demonstrated his [[8x telescope on Aug. 25th, 1609 in Venice- 2009 was the 400th anniversary!| * Discovered the moons of Jupiter (Galilean satellites). * Discovered the PhasesOfVenus. * His published letters and pamphlets in Italian defending [[CoperNicus]]'s HelioCentric model (now known to be a theory) challenged Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Church's ideas about the nature of the cosmos. ** In his letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine in 1616, "he argued strongly for a non-literal interpretation of Holy Scripture when the literal interpretation would contradict facts about the physical world proved by mathematical science. In this Galileo stated quite clearly that for him the Copernican theory is not just a mathematical calculating tool, but is a physical reality" ([[Source|). ** This letter forced the Papal hand, and his initial trial in 1616 before the Inquisition forbade him from teaching the HelioCentric model, which was declared false. | Overhead view of St. Mark's basilica and bell tower where Galileo showed off the telescope for teh first time. | Galileo being brought before a Church inquisition panel. [[Source: |<html><iframe src="" width="600" height="450" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|[img[Galileo before the Inquisisiton| * His most famous trial was in 1633, and he was found guilty of continuing to advocate for CoperNicus and was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life. * Under house arrest he wrote up his motion experiments and work on how pendulums behave. ** Built first pendulum clock at the end of his life in 1640. * The image below is from the PBS Series [["Galileo's Battle for the Heavens''| |[img[Galileo vs. the Church| | [[Galileo's biography from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland| |
!NASA's exploration of the ElectroMagnetic spectrum continues. <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Calculating gear train ratios | !GearingUp | !GearingDown | | larger to smaller gears | smaller to larger gears | | more speed | less speed | | less torque | more torque | |1. See where the motor or source of [[Torque]] starts rotating the gear train |>| |2. Looking at the sizes of the gear pairs, determine whether this compound gear is for ''gearing up'' or ''down'' |>| |3. If @@UP@@, choose the gear __closest to the source__ of the the torque as your @@color(red):first gear@@ to calculate. |3. If @@DOWN@@, choose the gear __farthest away__ from the source of torque as your @@color(red):first gear@@ to calculate. | |4. Assume your @@color(red):first gear@@ = 1 revolution. |>| |>|5. Find the Tooth Ratios for each gear pair: @@color(red):first in pair@@ teeth / @@color(green): second in pair@@ teeth | |>|6. Multiply the beginning # of revolutions (1) by the gear tooth ratio ''for each and every pair that follows.'' This is the # of revolutions for the gear opposite of where you started.| |>|7. Now take the # of revolutions for the gear ''closest to the source of the torque'' (@@color(red):Train Input gear@@)or and @@divide it@@ by the # of revolutions for the gear ''farthest from the source of the torque'' (the @@color(green):Train Output gear@@). | |>| @@''You have now predicted the amount of gearing up or down in ratio form that this gear train can accomplish!''@@ | | !''Example: Gearing Down Calculation'' | [img[Gear Train Example| | | @@Step #1.@@ Look at the picture above. Let's choose the motor as the Input to start. |>| | @@Step #2-4.@@ There are 3 pairs of gears, all going from ''smaller to larger''. This means the speed ''will drop'' across the gear train from the the @@color(red):Train Input gear@@ to the @@color(green):Train Output gear@@ and the torque ''will increase.'' This is an example of gearing @@DOWN@@. Start from the gear ''farthest from the motor'' as your first gear and work @@''backwards.''@@ |>| |@@Step #5.@@ __1st pair__: 40 teeth to 8 teeth = 40/8 = ''5/1 ratio''; __2nd pair__: 40 teeth to 8 teeth = 40/8 = ''5/1 ratio''; __3rd pair__: 24 teeth to 8 teeth = ''3/1 ratio''|>| |@@Step#6:@@ ''1 revolution * 5/1 * 5/1 * 3/1 = 75 revolutions''; |>| |@@Step#7:@@ The gear ''closest to the source of the torque'' turns 75 revolutions (the @@color(red):Train Input gear@@) while the gear ''farthest from'' the source of the torque (the @@color(green):Train Output gear@@) moves 1 revolution. |>| | The @@color(red):Train Input@@ / @@color(green):Train Output@@ = ''75 to 1 ratio!'' |>|
| !GearingUp | !GearingDown | | larger to smaller gears | smaller to larger gears | | more speed | less speed | | less torque | more torque |
| !GearingUp | !GearingDown | | larger to smaller gears | smaller to larger gears | | more speed | less speed | | less torque | more torque |
Compound machines that can change the vary the [[Torque and Angular Speed]] of wheels with teeth on axles.
!Is the annual December Geminid Meteor shower caused by a chunk of asteroid or a comet.. or something of both? * [[Full story at Nasa.gov| |<html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
!Solar system has a stationary Earth at it's center, with all of the planets + the sun orbiting it. > Championed by PtoLemy
!Study of earth systems focused on the geology of planets. * PlateTectonics and the Rock cycle [img[Restless interior heat engine| > "Irregular convection cells transfer heat from the Earth’s core to the surface. ConVection is the driving heat engine that powers the motion of the Earth’s great tectonic plates. Plate tectonics is the Earth’s way of expelling heat to space, thus fulfilling its obligation to the Second LawsOfThermodynamics." //[[Source| * Links also include items for the AtmoSphere and HydroSphere.
|>|>|>|>|>|bgcolor:#fff; (''mya'' = million years ago) |
|bgcolor:#9966FF;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px;text-align:left;''Phanerozoic Eon'' (543 mya to present)|~|bgcolor:#ffc;''Cenozoic Era'' [[(65 mya to today)| (1.8 mya to today)|
|~|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CC9933;''[[Holocene| (10k years to today)|
|~|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CC9933;''[[Pleistocene| (1.8 mya to 10k yrs)|
|~|~|~|bgcolor:#FFFF66;''Tertiary'' (65 to 1.8 mya)|
|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CCFF33;''[[Pliocene| (5.3 to 1.8 mya)|
|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CCFF33;''[[Miocene| (23.8 to 5.3 mya)|
|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CCFF33;''[[Oligocene| (33.7 to 23.8 mya)|
|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CCFF33;''[[Eocene| (54.8 to 33.7 mya)|
|~|~|~|~|bgcolor:#CCFF33;''[[Paleocene| (65 to 54.8 mya)|
|~|bgcolor:#009933;''Mesozoic Era'' [[(248 to 65 mya)|
|~|~|bgcolor:#cfc;''[[Cretaceous| (144 to 65 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#cfc;''[[Jurassic| (206 to 144 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#cfc;''[[Triassic| (248 to 206 mya)|>|
|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''Permian'' [[(290 to 248 mya)|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''Pennsylvanian'' (323 to 290 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''Mississippian'' (354 to 323 mya)|''[[Carboniferous| (354 to 290 mya)|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''[[Devonian| (417 to 354 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''[[Silurian| (443 to 417 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''[[Ordovician| (490 to 443 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#99CCFF;''[[Cambrian| (543 to 490 mya)|''[[Tommotian| (530 to 527 mya) |
|~|bgcolor:#fcc;''Paleozoic Era'' [[(543 to 248 mya)|
|~|~|bgcolor:#fcc;''Neoproterozoic'' (900 to 543 mya) |''[[Vendian| (650 to 543 mya)|
|~|~|bgcolor:#fcc;''Mesoproterozoic'' (1600 to 900 mya)|>|
|~|~|bgcolor:#fcc;''Paleoproterozoic'' (2500 to 1600 mya)|>|
|bgcolor:#CC66FF;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px;text-align:left;''Precambrian Time'' (4,500 to 543 mya)|
|~|bgcolor:#ccc; ''[[Proterozoic Era| (2500 to 543 mya) |>|>|
|~|bgcolor:#FF3366; ''[[Archaean| (3800 to 2500 mya) |>|>|
|~|bgcolor:#660033;color:white; ''[[Hadean| (4500 to 3800 mya) |>|>|* To have an an orbital period that matches the rotational period of the Earth (about 24 hours), the satellite needs to orbit the Earth at total radius of ''42,170 km (or 35,786 kilometres above the surface).'' * The orbital speed would need to be'' 3.07 km/sec'' at this distance to match the rotational speed of the Earth's equator, above which it is positioned. [img[Google Earth| [[Download the Google Earth .kmz file of all current satellite positions|
! Mover slider to 5:10- 7:00 into video to watch. Compare to today's [[High Impulse Weapon system]]. <html> <object width="500" height="405"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="500" height="405"></embed></object> </html>
|[img[Word symbol| [[Getting a Feeling for Distance|
!To get started modifying this TiddlyWiki, you'll need to save the [[whole .html file|SaveWholeWiki]] and then modify the following tiddlers: * SiteTitle & SiteSubtitle: The title and subtitle of the site, as shown above (after saving, they will also appear in the browser title bar) * MainMenu: The menu (usually on the left) * DefaultTiddlers: Contains the names of the tiddlers that you want to appear when the TiddlyWiki is opened You'll also need to enter your username for signing your edits (using ~FirstnameLastname; __case-sensitive__): <<option txtUserName>> !Please see these descriptions of the layout and function of these bite-sized pieces of information. * [[Visual Guide for a Tiddlywiki]] * [[Anatomy of a Tiddler]]: what are all of these parts? * Making the best use of [[tags|TagglyTagging Tutorial]] to organize your material * [[The main menu]] to the left side (usually) * [[The right hand menu]] or Side Bar * [[A great site explaining all of this in easy terms| ** The term 'tiddler' is the result of wordplay that started with the first wiki. '[[Wiki]]-wiki' in Hawaiian means quick-quick. It was a quick way for a team of individuals to construct shared knowledge. JeremyRuston used the term 'TiddlyWiki' to describe a personal [[thumbdrive wiki|Wiki on a Stick]] as a wordplay on [[tiddlywinks| the childhood game those of us who grew up in an analog age may remember. | ![[Tiddlywiki.com official website| | [[MPTW]] is the version of TiddlyWiki you are using. | More detailed info can be found in [[TiddlyWiki Info]] | !Use the powerful ImportTiddlersPlugin to add more content from other [[TiddlyWiki]]s (sortable by date). | |bgcolor(#FFFF33): Why you should consider ''using a [[Wiki]]'' and other ''Web 2.0 technology'' to make your life as an educator both ''@@color:red;easier and more interesting@@''- watch the [[Web 2.0 video]]! |
!ConVection cell patterns in AtmoSphere and HydroSphere based on solar RaDiation. * See how these patterns influence the WorldBiomesMap. <html> <img src=" AIR CURRENTS.jpg" alt="Earth's Heat Engine" width="600" height="560"> </html>
!NASA time lapse overlay of average temperature differences (1/2013) * [[Source: NASA.gov| <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Rising GreenhouseGas levels due to human activities since the start of the IndustrialRevolution have caused the AtmoSphere to retain thermal energy that would normally radiate into space. | !Millennial reconstruction of surface temperatures- multiple sources | |[img[1000 year temperature reconstruction| | [[Source for above- Wikipedia Media| | | [img[1000 year temperature reconstruction-NOAA| | | [[Source for above- NOAA Paleo Climate| |
Possibly the easiest way is to use Google Maps, just put a link like <a href="">Load in Google Earth</a> [[Source.|
|[img[PDF symbol| On Skates handout|
| [img[Word symbol| [[Graphical Distance Problems| Distance Problems.doc]] |
!Answer key * [[Graphical Distance Problems #1-10 Answer key|
!Explore the gravitational interactions between masses in this [[UC Boulder's Phet Physics| simulation. <html> <div><a href=""><img src="" alt="Gravity Force Lab" width="300" height="226"/><div></div><table><tr><td>Click to Run</td></tr></table></a></div> </html>
!Using the variances in the value of 'g' at the surface of the earth to map out hidden features * NASA's GRACE satellite measures 'g' around the world. [[Project homepage.| ** GRACE's map of [[underwater water reserves in Texas in late 2011.| [img[
!Problems covering the LawOfUniversalGravitation. |!Constants You Need to Know to Solve the Problems:|>| |Mass of the Earth = 5.98E24 kg |Radius of Earth = 6.38E6 m| |Mass of the Moon = 7.35E22 kg |Radius of Moon = 1.74E6 m| |Mass of Mars = 6.42E23 kg |Radius of Mars = 3.39E6 m | |Mass of Jupiter = 1.899E27 kg |Radius of Jupiter = 7.1E7 m| |Mass of Titan = 1.399E23 kg |Radius of Titan = 5.8E6 m| |Distance from Earth to Jupiter = 7.78E11 m|''G = 6.67 x 10-11 N*m^^2^^/kg^^2^^''| !!!Directions: Read each problem carefully. Do on another sheet of paper. These are ''calculator intensive'' problems! * Set up the problem with the variables replaced with the numbers given. |Draw a box around your final answer.| * Use the LawOfUniversalGravitation to solve these! # What would be the force of gravity acting on a person with a mass of 80 kg on the Moon? # Scientists sent the Huygen’s spacecraft to land on Saturn’s moon, Titan. It landed on a marshy surface of frozen methane with a 'squelch' and sent back [[some photos before it expired| ## Titan, whose surface temperature rarely rises above minus 180°C, is covered with seas of ethane bounded by frozen methane slush. A 92 kg person who weighs 901.6 N on the Earth, would weigh how much on the “surface” of Titan? # Compare the weight of a 72 kg female astronaut on the Earth with her weight on Mars. What is the ratio of her Mars weight to her Earth weight? # Some people believe in astrology, saying that the gravitational force of the planets on people at birth affect their personalities. Scientists say that such forces are too small to affect anything. Compare the force of the doctor and nurses (total mass = 344 kg) with the gravitational force of Jupiter on a newborn baby (mass = 4.5 kg). Assume the doctors and nurses are an average distance of 0.2 m from the baby. | Backup | [img[Word symbol| Problems 1| |
!XKCD comic about the gravity 'wells' surrounding each body in our solar system. [img[XKCD comic|
! The second type of @@color(red):''Greek Fire''@@ is an expression of ''applied science'': ArchiMedes's napalm-like material that could not be put out with water and was used to defend Syracuse against the attacking Roman galley ships. * Technologies and the art to create them have a practicality that often ensures that their secrets are closely guarded and perpetuated, like the recipe for [[Greek Fire|ArchiMedes]]. * The secret of it's manufacture escaped from Syracuse to Alexandria and then to ''@@color(red):Constantinople@@'', which would become the seat of the ByzantineEmpire after the fall of Rome. ** For over 1100 years this city ruled over the sections of the Alexandrian empire and had a Greek cultural core, becoming the center of the Greek Orthodox Church after it split from the Catholic Church in Rome in 1054 CE. ** Their great library stood till 1204 CE. The University of Constantinople was built to train those who would run the Empire in 425 CE. ** The Byzantines had access to many of the technological legacies that the mathematics and spirit of inquiry fostered by the Alexandrians had created. ** ''@@color(red):Applied science@@'' in the pursuit of power (monetary or military), ensured that much of the Greek knowledge and tools that survived would be built upon by Eastern civilizations. * The Crusades that followed the rise of the Muslim influence radiating outwards from Arabia caused Latin Medieval Europe to come in contact with many of the inventions of ArchiMedes and the Greek NaturalPhilosophy - and into conflict with the ByzantineEmpire. ** Constantinople was sacked in the Fourth Crusade in 1204 CE by Latin Christian soldiers and it's great library burned. *** Constantinople finally fell to the Muslim Ottoman Empire in 1453. ** See ArchimedesLostSecrets on the manuscripts that were lost when Constantinople fell. * Warfare technology, like the catapult and later the canon, were tools that the Princes of Europe worked hard to improve once they were encountered in the Crusades and ByzantineEmpire. * The response to deciphering the remaining great Greek treaties and acquiring ''ArchiMedes''' research and applied science @@color(purple):''led to a thirst in Western Europe for understanding NaturalPhilosophy. ''@@ ** Some of the Greek texts came from Constantinople, the remainder from the great libraries of MoorishSpain after the city of Cordoba was conquered by the Christians in the //Reconquista// in 1236 CE. The entire peninsula [[comes under Catholic rule in 1491.| ** ''Aristotle'''s ideas and ''Greek humanism'' was modified and adopted by the Roman Catholic Church through the efforts of ThomasAquinas. | The pursuit of more accurate and deadly weapons of war from 1200- 1600 CE required that the accepted beliefs of Aristotle on motion would ''be abandoned for practical purposes''- they couldn't be used to get a projectile launched accurately! | | <html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> |
! One type of @@color(blue):''Greek Fire''@@ was the concept of NaturalPhilosophy or what would lead to ''research science''. | An idea whose time has come is like a @@color(blue):''fire that cannot be extinguished''@@. These ideals smoldered and burned for 1200 years in the Byzantine and Arabic worlds while they doused in the West by the fall of Rome. | * ''Objectivity'' = //Theoretikos//; deep contemplation and observation of what you can actually see and then trying to understand the underlying reality. ** Ex: Strato of Lampsacus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle * ''Measurement'' = Counting and assigning values to the world; Pursuit of AstroNomy was a major goal. ** Ex: [[Eratosthenes]], Anaximander. * ''Simplicity'' = tools of Pythagoras, Euclid, & [[ArchiMedes]]; using the language of mathematics and geometry. ** See ArchimedesLostSecrets about the lost palimpsest. | !Archimedes Theoretical Work |>| |[img[sphere inscribed in a cylinder|"[[On his grave| there is an inscription [[of ''pi'', his most famous discovery| They also placed on his tombstone the figure of a sphere inscribed inside a cylinder and the 2:3 ratio of the volumes between them, the solution to the problem he considered his greatest achievement."| * Most of the recorded ideas of Greek and Roman NaturalPhilosophy perished when the LibraryOfAlexandria burned, but some copies survived in scattered outposts in the former Greek empire (other libraries in Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, and Turkey). ** The Greek astronomer Anaximander (c. 610-546 BCE) pictured an [[open and boundless universe where the "earth floats free in the center of the universe, unsupported by water, pillars, or whatever."| His works were lost when the library burned and only snippets of copies exist. ** The Roman compiler of all AstroNomy knowledge: ''@@color:#FF3399;PtoLemy's@@'' __Alamagest__ had copies survive in Constantinople and thus his works serve as the blueprint for the earth centered or GeoCentric view of the universe that dominates the Middle ages.
!Gases that absorb and redirect infrared radiation emitted from the surface of the earth that would normally escape into space. * "Tipping point' for [[southern ocean's|HydroSphere]] pH levels [[at 450 ppm| * To find out how to calculate your carbon footprint [[see this FAQ| * [[NOAA's Greenhouse Gas page| | !Current Carbon dioxide levels in parts per million measured at Hawaii's Manua Loa Volcano Observatory | |[img[Current Carbon dioxide levels in parts per million measured at Hawaii's Manua Loa Volcano Observatory| !Current contributions to carbon dioxide levels in the US: <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="400"> </iframe> </div></html> | !Greenhouse Gases | ''% Contribution to Infrared Absorption'' ([[1998|) | !Emission Amounts/year | ''Sources'' | | CO~~2~~ | 76% | 30 billion tons | fossil fuel burning | | CH~~4~~ | 13% | 350-500 million tons | agriculture, livestock emissions | | NO | 6% | 7-13 million tons | fertilizer fuels | | Fluorocarbons | 5% | 340 kt in 2000 and dropping. Current mix of [[various C-F compounds| will remain stable for ~100 years | refrigerants, foams, industrial processes |
!U.S. Air Force Special Operations Team * High Altitude Low Opening (HALO) parachute jump. They jumped at about 10,000 feet - no oxygen. <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html> * [[30,000 foot jump with oxygen.|
!~August-Sept. 2016 Homework ** For next month see [[October's HW|HW-10-1617]]. The rest of the year's HW can be found [[Calendar]]. To see the __full assignment__, click on "Details found at". |!Assigned|!Due| !Day Due |!Type |!Title |!Details found at| |8/23/2016 |8/24/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment |Please read your class syllabus; organize materials |[[HW-2016/8/24]] | |8/24/2016 |8/25/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment |Metric System review; Metric & Measurement practice |[[HW-2016/8/25]] | |8/25/2016 |8/26/2016 |Fri |Quiz |Syllabus quiz. Materials check. UnitAnalysis started; OneStep problems done. |[[HW-2016/8/26]] | |8/26/2016 |8/29/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment |MultistepConversion finished. BlisteringlyHardConversions worked on. |[[HW-2016/8/29]] | |8/29/2016 |8/30/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment |Lab-MeasuringStations prelab done; Day 1 of lab. Continue on BlisteringlyHardConversions if time permits. |[[HW-2016/8/30]] | |8/30/2016 |8/31/2016 |Wed|Daily Assignment |BlisteringlyHardConversions worked on. Day 2 on Lab-MeasuringStations |[[HW-2016/8/31]] | |8/31/2016 |9/1/2016 |Thurs|Daily Assignment |Final Day of lab. BlisteringlyHardConversions due. WickedlyConstructedConversions can be started. |[[HW-2016/9/1]] | |9/1/2016 |9/2/2016 |Fri|Daily Assignment |WickedlyConstructedConversions due. Lab R&D started in class. |[[HW-2016/9/2]] | |>|>|>|>| !Monday- Labor Day | [img[Labor Day| | |9/2/2016 |9/6/2016 |Tues|Daily Assignment |Lab-MeasuringStations write-up done; Correct WickedlyConstructedConversions. |[[HW-2016/9/6]] | |9/6/2016 |9/7/2016 |Wed|Daily Assignment |Lab-MeasuringStations corrections made. FiendishlyCleverConversions finished. |[[HW-2016/9/7]] | |9/7/2016 |9/8/2016 |Thurs|''@@color:red;Quiz@@'' |Due date for Lab-MeasuringStations. ChuckNorrisCringesConversions should be finished. Open flashcard quiz over UnitAnalysis. |[[HW-2016/9/8]] | |9/8/2016 |9/9/2016|Fri |Daily Assignment |Read "Certain Uncertainties Part I" & answer questions |[[HW-2016/9/9]] | |9/9/2016 |9/12/2016|Mon|Daily Assignment |Measuring-Objectives written test prep |[[HW-2016/9/12]] | |9/12/2016 |9/13/2016|Tues |''@@color:red;Test@@'' |Metrics, measurement, uncertainty, and UnitAnalysis test. |[[HW-2016/9/13]] | |9/13/2016 |9/14/2016|Wed |Daily Assignment |Watch Nature of Science videos |[[HW-2016/9/14]] | |9/14/2016 |9/15/2016|Thurs |Daily Assignment |"Role of Science" notes and questions answered |[[HW-2016/9/15]] | |9/14/2016 |9/16/2016|Fri |Daily Assignment |Skepticism and making scientific maps |[[HW-2016/9/16]] | |9/16/2016 |9/19/2016|Mon |Daily Assignment |Done in clas on Friday. |[[HW-2016/9/19]] | |9/19/2016 |9/20/2016|Tues |Daily Assignment |Finish Mapping Questions; Read Ch01 in Hewiit (sections 1.1- 1.7). |[[HW-2016/9/20]] | |9/20/2016 |9/21/2016|Wed |Daily Assignment|Mapping epidemics: JohnSnow and the BroadStreetPump reading and questions. |[[HW-2016/9/21]] | |9/21/2016 |9/22/2016|Thurs |Daily Assignment |Video & written responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. |[[HW-2016/9/22]] | |9/22/2016 |9/23/2016|Fri |Daily Assignment |Finish reading Ch01Hewitt. Miasma vs. germ theory as a case study of how science works. |[[HW-2016/9/23]] | |9/23/2016 |9/26/2016|Mon |Daily Assignment |Finish MappingTheUniverse-Objectives through #9. Videos for deeper understanding of the topics. |[[HW-2016/9/26]] | |9/26/2016 |9/27/2016|Tues |Daily Assignment |Intro to Physics reading |[[HW-2016/9/27]] | |9/27/2016 |9/28/2016|Wed |Daily Assignment |History of Physics Q.#1-3a; Ch02Hewitt reading 2.5-2.7. |[[HW-2016/9/28]] | |9/28/2016 |9/29/2016|Thurs |Daily Assignment |History of Physics Q.#3b-7 answered. |[[HW-2016/9/29]] | |9/29/2016 |9/30/2016|Fri |Daily Assignment |HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14 #8-11 done. Galileo Interactive experiments. |[[HW-2016/9/30]] | |9/30/2016|10/3/16 |Mon |Daily Assignment|[[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] #12-14 done. Do Ch.2 Review Ques. #1-15; T&E Ques. #1-5. |[[HW-2016/10/3]] | |>|>|>|>|>| [[October 2016|HW-10-1617]] |
!October 2016 Homework ** For last month's HW see [[here.|HW-09-1617]] The rest of the year's HW can be found [[Calendar]]. To see the __full assignment__, click on "Details found at". |!Assigned|!Due| !Day Due |!Type |!Title |!Details found at| |9/30/2016|10/3/16 |Mon |Daily Assignment|[[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] #12-14 done. Do Ch.2 Review Ques. #1-15; T&E Ques. #1-5. |[[HW-2016/10/3]] | |10/3/2016 |10/4/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment|MotionProbSet1 done. |[[HW-2016/10/4]] | |10/4/2016 |10/5/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment|Finish MotionProbSet1; Spend 25 minutes on finishing the written MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. Signed grade reports. |[[HW-2016/10/5]] | |10/5/2016 |10/6/2016 |Thurs|Daily Assignment|MappingTheUniverse-Objectives (finished) and reviewed. MotionProbSet2 completed. |[[HW-2016/10/6]] | |10/6/2016 |10/7/2016 |Fri |''@@color:red;Test@@'' |MappingTheUniverse-Objectives Unit test. Objectives packet collected. |[[HW-2016/10/7]] | |10/7/2016 |10/10/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment|Read Ch02Hewitt 2.8- end. Do Ch.2 T&E #1-6. Do Motion Problem Set #3 |[[HW-2016/10/10]] | |10/10/2016 |10/11/2016 |Tues |''@@color:green;Lab@@'' |Finish front of the Free Fall handout; Prelab for Lab #2 (lab books home). Day 1 of Lab #2. |[[HW-2016/10/11]] | |10/11/2016 |10/12/2016 |Wed | @@''No School- Yom Kippur''@@ |>|>| |10/12/2016 |10/13/2016 |Thurs |''@@color:green;Lab@@'' |Day 2 of Lab #2: Lab-MotionDetector |[[HW-2016/10/13]] | |10/13/2016 |10/14/2016 |Fri |''@@color:green;Lab@@'' |Day 3 of Lab #2: Lab-MotionDetector |[[HW-2016/10/14]] | |10/14/2016 |10/17/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment|Motion & DVA packet due. Lab #2 Analysis done. |[[HW-2016/10/17]] | |10/17/2016 |10/18/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment|Results & Discussion of the Lab-MotionDetector tonight. |[[HW-2016/10/18]] | |10/18/2016 |10/19/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment|SpeedboatVelocityGraph & GraphicalDistanceProblems #7-10 |[[HW-2016/10/19]] | |10/19/2016 |10/20/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment|GettingAFeelingForDistance & [[DVA Graph #4]]. Grade reports signed. |[[HW-2016/10/20]] | |10/20/2016 |10/21/2016 |Fri |Daily Assignment|[[DVA-Graph#5A]] + [[DVA-Graph#6]] completed |[[HW-2016/10/21]] | |10/21/2016 |10/24/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment|Read all of Ch03Hewitt. Free Fall problems. |[[HW-2016/10/24]] | |10/24/2016 |10/25/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment|Read Ch04Hewitt 4.1-4.4; Action-reaction pairs worksheet |[[HW-2016/10/25]] | |10/25/2016 |10/26/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment|[["Quiz Practice C" handout|NewtonsLawsJaguarProblems]] done. Review Ch04Hewitt vocab. |[[HW-2016/10/26]] | |10/26/2016 |10/27/2016 |Thurs|Daily Assignment|Newton's Problem Set #2. Forces Quiz retake possible. |[[HW-2016/10/27]] | |10/27/2016 |10/28/2016 |Fri |Daily Assignment|Finish Correcting NewtonsLaws-Prob2; Do ForceVectorIntro worksheet; Entries to read and video to watch. |[[HW-2016/10/28]] | |10/28/2016 |10/31/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment|Finish Vectors on Rocks worksheets. Read Ch.4.5- end. MC Questions at end of Ch04Hewitt. |[[HW-2016/10/31]] | |10/31/2016 |11/1/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/1]] | |>|>|>|>|>| [[November 2016|HW-11-1617]] |
!November 2016 Homework ** For last month's HW see [[here.|HW-10-1617]] The rest of the year's HW can be found [[HW Calendar]]. To see the __full assignment__, click on "Details found at". |!Assigned|!Due| !Day Due |!Type |!Title |!Details found at| |10/31/2016 |11/1/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/1]] | |11/1/2016 |11/2/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/2]] | |11/2/2016 |11/3/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/3]] | |11/3/2016 |11/4/2016 |Fri |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/4]] | |11/4/2016 |11/7/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/7]] | |11/7/2016 |11/8/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/8]] | |11/8/2016 |11/9/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/9]] | |11/9/2016 |11/10/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/10]] | |11/10/2016 |11/11/2016 |Fri |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/11]] | |11/11/2016 |11/14/2016 |Mon |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/14]] | |11/14/2016 |11/15/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/15]] | |11/15/2016 |11/16/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/16]] | |11/16/2016 |11/17/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/17]] | |11/17/2016 |11/18/2016 |Fri |Daily Assignment| |[[HW-2016/11/18]] | |>|>|>|>| !Have a great Thanksgiving Break!! | [img[turkey platter| | |11/28/2016 |11/29/2016 |Tues |Daily Assignment | |[[HW-2016/11/29]] | |11/29/2016 |11/30/2016 |Wed |Daily Assignment | |[[HW-2016/11/30]] | |11/30/2016 |12/1/2016 |Thurs |Daily Assignment | |[[HW-2016/12/1]] | |>|>|>|>|>| [[December 2016|HW-12-1617]] |
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/9/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/10/2016 !!!!Title: Read Ch02Hewitt 2.8- end. Do Ch.2 T&E #1-6. Do Motion Problem Set #3 __Details:__ # Finish reading Ch02Hewitt. # Do the Ch.2 Think & Explain Questions #1-6 on notepaper. ## Bring hardcopy to class. # Printout and complete all of [[Motion Problem Set #3|MotionProbSet3]].
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/10/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/11/2016 !!!!Title: Front side of the Free Fall handout; Prelab for Lab #2 (lab books home) __Details:__ # Do the front page of the [["Free Fall Intro" handout|FreelFallIntro]]. ## ~B-B fall on front (tonight); free fall of a rock dropped off a cliff on the back (later). # Prepare your lab notebook for Lab #2: Lab-MotionDetector # You will start this Lab #2 in class with partners. It will take 2-3 periods to finish. # In your lab book tonight you will find a blank right facing page and write your __own__ (double-spaced in ink): ## Title (you write) ## Purpose (you write) ## Lab 2 procedures- Part I and Part II. Cut and neatly tape in from the handout into your quadrille lab book. # Make sure your data tables for each of the motion patterns are taped in the book as per directions! ## Cut out the Data graphs on pages 2-5 of the Lab-MotionDetector and neatly tape them into a section (covering several pages) called ''Data''. ## Make sure your tape does not prevent you from continuing to mark on the graphs.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/11/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/12/2016 !!!!Title: __Details:__
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/12/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/13/2016 !!!Title: Day 2 of Lab #2; Ch03Hewitt reading and Review #1-13. __Details:__ # This will be the 2^^nd^^ day of doing Lab-MotionDetector. ## We'll finish it on Friday. ## MU/ finishing this lab will be at lunchtime (11:20 am on Tues- Fri.) ## We'll stop 10 minutes before the end of class to show how to find area under a velocity graph so that you can start working graphical distance problems. # Tonight, read Ch03Hewitt from pages 38-48. ## Answer the Review questions #1-13 on pg.53. ## Bring hardcopy with proper heading to class on Thursday.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/13/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/14/2016 !!!!Title: Final day of Lab #2; Graphical Distance Problems #1-6 __Details:__ * We'll finish Part II of Lab-MotionDetector today. ** MU/ finishing this lab will be at lunchtime (11:20 am on Tues- Fri.) # For class, on ''graph paper'', do fill in the DVA-Simple Analysis page. ## This will go into the Lab #2 Analysis section //after// the given questions found in Lab-MotionDetector. ## See DVA-Graphs for more info on how these graphs work. ## We'll go over these during the last 10 minutes of class. # For class, on ''graph paper'', do the first 6 problems in the GraphicalDistanceProblems worksheet that you print out. ## Remember, ''acceleration = a = Δv/ time interval'' = m/s per sec = m/s^^2^^ ## This is __not__ to go in the lab- it is HW.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/16/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/17/2016 !!!!Title: Motion & DVA packet due. Lab #2 Analysis done. __Details:__ @@''Finish and assemble all of these motion HW problems into a ''packet'' for turning in on Monday:''@@ # Ch.2 Review Ques. #1-15; T&E Ques. #1-6 from [[HW-2016/10/3]] and [[HW-2016/10/10]], # MotionProbSet3 from [[HW-2016/10/10]], # FreelFallIntro handout (both sides!) from [[HW-2016/10/11]], # GraphicalDistanceProblems #1-6 from [[HW-2016/10/14]] # [[DVA Practice #2]] (newly assigned for Monday). @@''Also:''@@ * Finish the DVA-Simple handout, cut it out, and tape into the Analysis section of Lab-MotionDetector. * Do the 9 Analysis questions as ''full sentences'' for Lab-MotionDetector. This section follows Part II of the lab. Use the question ''@@in the answer!@@''
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/17/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/18/2016 !!!!Title: Results & Discussion of the Lab-MotionDetector tonight. __Details:__ # Write up the Results & Discussion of the Lab-MotionDetector tonight. ## Double spaced, typed or written in ink. # The initial paragraph called Results. ## See the LabReportFormat for what this entails. # In the second paragragph, Discussion, summarize your key findings about motion direction, graph slope, velocity, and acceleration. # List blunders/ errors in the third paragraph. # Propose a future experiment with the sonic ranger device. > Everything associated with Lab #2 should now be neatly taped into your lab book for turning in on Tuesday.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/18/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/19/2016 !!!!Title: SpeedboatVelocityGraph & GraphicalDistanceProblems #7-10 __Details:__ * @@Make sure your have graph paper in your science binder.@@ # Finish the SpeedboatVelocityGraph on graph paper. ## We started it in class. ## Make sure your graph axes allow you to plot all data. # Spend your remaining 30 minutes of HW time working on the GraphicalDistanceProblems #7-10 on graph paper using the same techniques. ## Question 9 is an "A" level problem while #10 is an "A+" level problem. ## See DVA-Graphs for a review. ## We'll correct these in class tomorrow.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/19/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/20/2016 !!!!Title: GettingAFeelingForDistance & [[DVA Graph #4]]. Grade reports signed. __Details:__ # Get your grade reports from today signed. # Finish the 2 sheets started in class. Remember [[DVA-Graphs]]! ## GettingAFeelingForDistance ## [[DVA Graph #4]]
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/20/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/21/2016 !!!!Title: [[DVA-Graph#5A]] + [[DVA-Graph#6]] completed __Details:__ * Get your grade reports signed and returned (50% late hit). * Reminder: DVA-Graphs! # Tonight, complete [[DVA-Graph#5A]]. # On that same sheet, add the [[DVA-Graph#6]] problems.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/21/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/24/2016 !!!!Title: Read all of Ch03Hewitt. Free Fall problems. __Details:__ # Read all of Ch03Hewitt on [[NewtonsLaws]] and acceleration due to gravity. ## Make sure you read the illustration captions! # Print out and fill in these handouts on FreeFall and then @@staple them together@@: ## BroncoSkyDives (work on the sheet) ## FallingObjectPractice (on another sheet of paper or on the back of the handout above).
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/24/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/25/2016 !!!!Title: Read Ch04Hewitt 4.1-4.4; Action-reaction pairs worksheet __Details:__ * Grade reports __do not__ have to be signed. There was no curve on Test #2. # Read Ch04Hewitt on [[Newtons Third Law|NewtonsLaws]] sections 4.1-4.4. ## Make sure you read the illustration captions! # Download and fill in the Action-Reaction pairs handout: ## [img[PDF symbol| [[Action-Reaction Pairs| SkyDives p2.pdf]] ##//''Remember: F~~action~~ and F~~reaction~~ ALWAYS act on __different__ objects!''//
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/25/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/26/2016 !!!!Title: [["Quiz Practice C" handout|NewtonsLawsJaguarProblems]] done. Review Ch04Hewitt vocab. __Details:__ * Went over Action-Reaction pairs in class based on NewtonsLaws #3. * We did most of NewtonsLaws-Prob1 in class for practice. # Do the [["Quiz Practice C" handout|NewtonsLawsJaguarProblems]] you got in class. ## Show setups, label all values, and box your final answers on a separate sheet of paper. # Review Ch04Hewitt vocabulary at the end of the chapter. Flashcards never hurt!
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/26/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/27/2016 !!!!Title: Newton's Problem Set #2. Forces Quiz retake possible. __Details:__ * The corrected NewtonsLawsJaguarProblems was collected. * We took a 4 Problem Force Diagram 5th grade Quiz in class (12 pts). See the answer key [[here.| ** You will have the option to take a replacement quiz tommorrow (10 minutes) if you are not satisfied with your score. # Spend 30 minutes on the NewtonsLaws-Prob2 problems. ## Bring your titled and headed work to class. NO spiral tear-outs on the papers you turn in! ## You can finish and check it in class on Thursday.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/27/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/28/2016 !!!!Title: Finish Correcting NewtonsLaws-Prob2; Do ForceVectorIntro worksheet; Entries to read and video to watch. __Details:__ # The answer key for NewtonsLaws-Prob2 can be found in that entry. Finish trying to work the problems BEFORE finally correcting them. ## Your corrected answers are due tommorrow if they were not turned in today. # You will have the option to take a replacement quiz for the "4 Problem Force Diagram 5th grade Quiz" tomorrow (12 pts). See the answer key [[here.| ## Your new score will replace your old score. # Finish the ForceVectorIntro worksheet with the litlle superguy character pushing blocks around. # Read the entries on: ## FreeBodyDiagrams ## VectorAddition ## Head-To-Tail # Watch this video to be discussed in class tomorrow: |<html><iframe width="640" height="400" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/2/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/3/2016 !!!!Title: [[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] #12-14 done. Do Ch.2 Review Ques. #1-15; T&E Ques. #1-5. __Details:__ # Go to [[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] and answer #12-14. ## The hyperlinks in the questions will act as references, showing descriptions, images, or short videos on each topic. The HistoryOfPhysics lists the main players in the development of physics in ancient times. ## Answer the questions in full sentences with proper subjects (not "it" or "they"). Head and place in your HW binder. # Do Ch02Hewitt Review Ques. #1-15; Think & Explain Ques. #1-5 on notepaper.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/30/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/31/2016 !!!!Title: Finish Vectors on Rocks worksheets. Read Ch.4.5- end. MC Questions at end of Ch04Hewitt. __Details:__ * We did the "Vectors and Parallelogram Rule" worksheet in class. It was not collected. ** It practiced the Head-To-Tail or parallelogram rule for VectorAddition. # Finish the other 2 sheets picked up in class taht involve drawing Free Body Diagrams for ''rocks in various positions'': ## "Chapter 2: Force- Vector Diagrams" ## "Free Body Diagrams" # Read Ch04Hewitt 4.5 through the end. ## Answer All Multiple choice questions on pages 73-74 on th back of the "Free Body Diagrams" handout above. # 5th grade 4 force free body diagrams quiz retake in class on Monday.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/3/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/4/2016 !!!!Title: MotionProbSet1 done. __Details:__ * A short and humorous [[4 minute video on the History Channel about the Renaissance.| # Printout the MotionProbSet1 and bring in your answers with setups on a @@separate sheet of paper (graph paper preferred).@@ ## //Hint: On problem #1 rearrange the words in rate =distance /time to show what distance or time equals (no numbers, just the words themselves). Or solve algebraically for (d =) and then what (t =) .//
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/4/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/5/2016 !!!!Title: Finish MotionProbSet1; Spend 25 minutes on finishing the written MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. Signed grade reports. __Details:__ * Get a parental signature on your grade report. # See [[yesterday's HW to finish it.|HW-2016/10/4]] # Spend 25 minutes finishing your written responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives #11-14. ## Use your [[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] to help you. ## Bring hardcopy of __all__ of your written responses to the objectives to class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/5/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/6/2016 !!!!Title: Test review for MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. __Details:__ # Finish MotionProbSet2 that we started in class. ## //These are NOT on the test tomorrow!// # Make sure your can do mix-and-match for the pink names in the HistoryOfPhysics packet I (up to 1700 AD). ## This includes famous [[Arabic scientists.|ArabicCaliphates]] ### See MoorishSpain and ArabicCaliphates. ## Relative order is important (no dates born or died) and where they did their work. # Make sure you finish and review all of your notes-to-self over the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. ## Bring hardcopy of your written responses to class withquestions to ask.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 10/6/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 10/7/2016 !!!!Title: MappingTheUniverse-Objectives Unit test __Details:__ # The test will cover the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives. ## Make sure you have read __all__ of the HandoutsMapping pgs. 1-10. ## Bring calculator, ruler, pencil, and pen. ## Students using their ExtendedTime (as granted by the school counselor) will finish their tests at @@11:15 am in S211 on Friday@@. Bring your materials to that location if you are using your extended time. # Hard copy of bound written responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives is due. ## You must have a cover sheet with a proper title, heading (full name, date, R-code). Staple @@before@@ coming to class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 11/0/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 11/1/2016 !!!!Title: __Details:__
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@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/23/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/24/2016 !!!!Title: Please read your class syllabus; organize materials __Details:__ * Your class syllabus can be found [[here.|Syllabus]] Please read it and be prepared to ask questions in class. ** You will need to memorize your grade breakdown %. ** There will be a short quiz on the syllabus on this Friday. * You must have your science binder organized (5 labeled sections for science) and all of your __required science materials__ as specified in the syllabus ready at the start of class @@on this Friday.@@ All of this information is in the syllabus itself. ** The MS Homework binder can be useful if you wish to bring an additional binder with you to class and utilize it's contents. Daily HW should be removed from the generic MS Homework binder before entering S211 for possible collection at the ''IN BOX'' immediately inside the door at the back of the . ** All homework postings, labs, and handouts will be loaded onto web servers and can be found through this [[wiki.|TiddlyWiki]] * Your [[textbook|HewittBook]] can __stay at home__ where it will be your primary homework resource. * You will ''always'' have hard-copy of any assigned homework brought to school each day. It is due at the ''@@start@@'' of the period.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/24/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/25/2016 !!!!Title: Metric System review; Metric & Measurement practice __Details:__ # Printout the [img[PDF symbol| [[Metric Pyramid| and place it in the handout section of your science organizer. ## You do NOT need to actually construct the pyramid itself- keep the pyramid as a sheet of paper! ## You will use these for English-metric conversions (no need to memorize). ## You will need to start memorizing the MetricPrefixTable from 'exa-' down to 'atto-', so flashcards would be advised for those you don't know these already. # Print the [["Metric Conversions: Stairway to Success" handout|MetricStairway]]. Please fill it in. # Download, print, and ''complete both'' of the @@Reading Graduated Scales p.1 __and__ p.2.@@ ## [img[Excel symbol| [[Reading Graduated Scales p.1| ## [img[Excel symbol| [[Reading Graduated Scales p.2|
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/25/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/26/2016 !!!!Title: Syllabus quiz. Materials check. UnitAnalysis started; OneStep problems done. __Details:__ > Please ''bookmark'' this class wiki page at home or on your mobile device so that it's easy to find! | ''Part I: Syllabus and Materials check''| # Short quiz on Friday over the contents of the [[Syllabus]]. Some questions might include: ## Know your grade % breakdown. ## What needs to be written on a valid LatePass? ## Calculate the values of an assignment after late points have been deducted. # Bring your science organizer (with 5 labeled sections) and looseleaf paper inside (name and class code on front), spiral (name and class code on front), pencils/pens, graphing calculator, and quadrille lab book (with name and class ''R''-Classperiod# on front). ## Bonus points for a metric ruler. ## Quadrille lab books must be of the same size and format as those sold in the SM student store. | ''Part II: Introduction to UnitAnalysis'' | # Do the OneStep conversion problems. ## You @@must show the setup grid as below @@as you solve the problems. ## Simply follow the example shown in UnitAnalysis that describes what we started in class. ## Simply multiply the original value by a ''@@color:green;conversion factor@@'' where the top and bottom are equal to each other. The units that are the same on the top and the bottom will ''@@color:red;cancel out@@'', leaving the answer in the desired units without changing the actual value itself. ## To find the answer multiply the tops of the grid together and then divide this by the bottom product. #. You can start working on the more complex next conversion practice sheet if you have time: MultistepConversion. ## We'll work on this in class after the quiz is finished. ## The sequential worksheets in the UnitAnalysis unit are yours to work on during [[next week's lab|HW-2015/8/31]] if you are waiting for a lab station to open.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/28/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/29/2016 !!!!Title: MultistepConversion finished. BlisteringlyHardConversions worked on. __Details:__ # Finish the MultistepConversion you started in class. ## You'll correct this at the start of class. # Start on the BlisteringlyHardConversions for HW. Spend the remaining part of your 30 minutes of HW on this. It doesn __not__ have to be finished- just get as far as you can in the time alloted. ## During the first 15 minutes of class we'll go over the first few problems to make sure you're on track.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/29/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/30/2016 !!!!Title: Lab-MeasuringStations prelab done; Day 1 of lab. Continue on BlisteringlyHardConversions if time permits. __Details:__ # Cut down and scotch tape the LabReportFormat into the inside cover of your lab book. # Have your lab book completely ready for doing the Lab #1 Stations in class. This is called doing the pre-lab for Lab-MeasuringStations (see the necessary details in that link!). ## Use a pen to do all writing. ## Printout the data tables for Lab-MeasuringStations, cut down and scotch tape onto pages 2 & 3. # You will have 3 days to do 20 stations in Lab #1,Tuesday- Thursday. ## If you are behind on lab stations, plan on coming in at 11:15 am to S211 to get caught up (Wed- Fri). # We'll do Analysis (Section 3) and Results (Section 4) starting on Thursday 9/1 in class. # IF you have time remaining in your 30 minutes of HW, continue to work on your BlisteringlyHardConversions. They will be due on Thursday, 9/1.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/30/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 8/31/2016 !!!!Title: BlisteringlyHardConversions worked on. Day 2 on Lab-MeasuringStations __Details:__ # For Wednesday, you should spend 30 min on the BlisteringlyHardConversions for HW. ## You must have it corrected and turned in by the end of class on Thursday, 9/1. # On Wednday you'll continue doing the Stations in class for 30 minutes. ## You will have all stations finished by teh end of class on Thursday. ## IF you are behind on lab stations, plan on coming in at 11:15 am to S211 to get caught up.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 8/31/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/1/2016 !!!!Title: Final Day of lab. BlisteringlyHardConversions due. WickedlyConstructedConversions can be started. Lab #1 Analysis started in class. __Details:__ # In class will be Day 3 of the lab. All stations must be completed before leaving class. ## We will start to do the ''Analysis'' section during the last 15 minutes of class. # You must correct and turn in your BlisteringlyHardConversions by the end of class on Thursday. ## If you are already done with the BlisteringlyHardConversions, then please use your remaining HW time tonight to start the WickedlyConstructedConversions.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/11/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/12/2016 !!!!Title: Measuring-Objectives written test prep __Details:__ > The Bonus IceShrinkageProblem is due by 9/13/16. * Unit test over the Measuring-Objectives on Tuesday, 9/13. ** Bring a calculator, pencil and pen to class. ** There will NOT be any 'Chuck Norris' difficulty level problems on the test. # Spend time this weekend writing out responses to the Measuring-Objectives. # Sample complex unit conversion problems to work in your science spiral: | ''Convert gits / cm~~3~~ to woops/ ft~~3~~'' IF:| 8 flinks = 6 gits | 2.3 woops = 8 yelps | 34 nats = 157 turbos | 1 yelp = 2 flinks | 6 turbos = 1 woops | | ''Convert solid ounce/ liquid ounce to grams / microliter'' |
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/12/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/13/2016 !!!!Title: Metrics, measurement, uncertainty, and UnitAnalysis test. __Details:__ > The Bonus IceShrinkageProblem is due by 9/13/16. * Bring a calculator, pencil and pen to class. * There will NOT be any 'Chuck Norris' difficulty level problems on the test. > See the [[Measuring-Objectives]] for what the test will cover.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/13/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/14/2016 !!!!Title: Watch Nature of Science videos __Details:__ * For tonight, watch these videos about the nature of science. Be prepared to talk about these in class tommorrow. # [[Nature of Science by Neil DeGrasse Tyson on Vimeo| # [[How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries - Adam Savage |
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/14/2016
@@__Due:__@@ 9/15/2016
!!!!Title: "Role of Science" notes and questions answered
__Details:__
> New videos shown in class can be found in [[this daily classroom journal entry.|14 September 2016]]
!!!!On a sheet of notepaper titled "Role of Science", take notes on and also answer the questions below.
# ''@@Key figures from Adam Savage's [[talk| you should know:@@''
## [[Physicist Richard Feynman on why imagination is key to science (BBC video: watch the first 3 minutes!)|
### The role of the LargeHadronCollider in figuring out what causes inertia.
## [[Eratosthenes]]
## [[GaliLeo]] and Armand Fizeau's attempts to measure the speed of light (C~~light~~ = 3E8 m/s).
# ''@@Questions you must know from Savage's talk@@''
## What did Fizeau do that Savage calls the "soul of science"?
## Why is science better termed a "field of study" than just a closed system?
# ''@@Key items from Neil ~DeGrasse Tyson's [[essay| you should know:@@''
## He says that viewing the modern world through a scientific lens is crucial because... (''List 4 reasons for this'').
### Do you agree or disagree with this view?
# Collecting stuff (rocks, baseball cards, money, household goods, cars) and collecting experiences are both fundamental to being human today.
## ''@@What role do you think that science can play in helping 7 billion people collect, use, and manage the planet's resources (natural and societal)? Include in your answer how these two maps __can illustrate__ the role of science in doing that.@@''
## [[Global Ecological Land Units| ([[Source.|)
###[[Visualization of most aircraft routes around the world- domestic and international. Interactive.|@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/15/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/16/2016 !!!!Title: Skepticism and making scientific maps __Details:__ > New videos shown in class can be found in [[this daily classroom journal entry.|15 September 2016]] * Science is about making objective maps and models of reality and then checking them for accuracy. * Please @@watch this 13 minute video@@ on [[Skeptics & Strange Beliefs]]. Take notes in your spiral (title: "Skeptics & Strange Beliefs video") dated 9/16 and focus on answering these questions: # Why did not having a correct model of how the solar system worked probably cause Galileo to mistake the rings of Saturn as separate objects? # Why do people tend to find faces in objects around them (or on Mars!)? # What was the point of playing "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zepplin? * @@Download, print, and read@@ these handouts. Be prepared to go over them tomorrow. |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mapping the Universe p3 | |@@Read all of this article.@@ | |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mapping the Universe p4-10 | |@@Read the article titled "Scientists and Conquistadors"@@ by Michael Hall |
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/18/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/19/2016 > HW done in class with substitue on Friday. # Work on the "Mapping" Questions 1-10 from the last page of [[Mapping the Universe p4-10 |
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/1/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/2/2016 !!!!Title: WickedlyConstructedConversions due by end of class. Lab R&D started in class. __Details:__ * 30 minutes total HW tonight: # Work on the WickedlyConstructedConversions tonight (at least 2 done). ## Your WickedlyConstructedConversions must be corrected and turned in by the end of class on Friday, 9/2. # We'll go over the Lab-MeasuringStations Analysis and Results/Discussions in class on Friday. Lab will be due next Tuesday, 9/6.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/19/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/20/2016 !!!!Title: Finish Mapping Questions; Read Ch01 in Hewiit (sections 1.1- 1.7). __Details:__ # Finish the "Mapping" Questions 1-10 from the last page of [[Mapping the Universe p4-10 | # Download and read over these handouts below. Add to your science binder "Handouts" folder. |Page 1 |[img[PDF symbol| [[ Mapping the Universe p1| |~| |Page 2 |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mapping the Universe Packet p2| | 3. Read in Ch01Hewitt; Sections 1.1- 1.7 ## Read with an eye towards the main ideas and main persons discussed. The terms you should know are listed on page 15. There may be a __short quiz__ to see if you really read it. ## Feel free to make margin notes in the page of YOUR book- stay engaged with the material as you read! Write a key phrase, a question you'd like to have answered, or notes-to-self in the margins of the book. You can also do the same thing on looseleaf paper or in your spiral bound science journal. ##The objectives for this [[first unit|MappingTheUniverse]] can be found [[here.|MappingTheUniverse-Objectives]] > Your Hewitt book can @@stay at home.@@ Bring your notes, if any were made, with you to class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/20/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/21/2016 !!!!Title: Mapping epidemics: JohnSnow and the BroadStreetPump reading and questions. __Details:__ * We use the science of epidemiology to illustrate how science pursues the underlying reasons for events in the world. ''A. See the entry on JohnSnow, the father of Epidemiology.'' # Read the [img[PDF symbol| of [[Laura Ball's (a 10th grader in Wisconsin) 2009 National History Day gold medal essay on John Snow| # This story illustrates the power of scientific maps in ''replacing uncertainty with understanding''. The CholeraEpidemic is an example of what makes scientific maps different from others. | "In the summer of 1854 the Soho section of London saw only a few cases of cholera, but on ''August 31'', an abrupt outbreak attacked the neighborhood. The mortality rate for the parish of the neighborhood reached 12.8%, or 12.8 cases per 100 persons, by September 10, which was twice that of the rest of London. Dr. Snow contacted the Office of Registry to acquire the addresses of all the victims who died of cholera in London, and he focused his efforts on the neighborhood of Soho because it was hit the hardest with this scourge." | | ''Source:'' Young Epidemiology Scholars Program, "Disease Outbreak Investigation", by Flora Ichiou Huang | * ''Curiosity-wonder'' demands that you go below the surface to answer the 'where', 'what', 'how', and 'why' questions. * The ''tools of science'', like the use of math to create accurate maps of events/objects, allows you to find the ''essential patterns'' within a noisy, messy world. Cholera followed a pattern that pointed to a real source (see the 1854 and current maps of Soho in BroadStreetPump)- a prediction that could then be tested. ''B. Answer the @@following questions about JohnSnow@@ and bring hard copy (headed!) to class.'' # Snow hypothesized that cholera was spread by water, contaminated with the poison that caused the disease. ## What was the main [[competing hypothesis|Miasma]] that existed at that time? Briefly describe this hypothesis. # What Landmarks of Science (see Mapping packet page 7) did Snow exhibit in how he approached that analysis of this epidemic. Choose 2 Landmarks to illustrate with details about Snow's work. # When Snow ''mapped the different cases of cholera in London'' ([[see the map|EpidemicMaps]]), many argued that there were cases that Snow's idea of water-borne transmission could not explain. One such case was that of a woman and her niece who died of cholera but did not live in or even near the neighborhood of Soho. Other examples included the Poland Street Workhouse and a local brewery that were also found in the neighborhood, but the workhouse reported only five deaths from cholera among its inmates and none of the workers at the brewery died of the disease. ## After further investigations by Dr. Snow, it was found that these cases did not weaken his argument. ## Instead, they strengthened his argument even more. @@Explain how.@@
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/21/2016
@@__Due:__@@ 9/22/2016
!!!!Title: Video & written responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives.
__Details:__
# Watch [[this short review video| about the BroadStreetPump.
# Start writing out responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives.
## Spend twenty to thirty minutes tonight writing out your notes-to-self and responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives.
# Bring @@hardcopy@@ of your progress to class.
## Title: {{{Mapping The Universe Objectives}}}.@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/22/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/23/2016 !!!!Title: Finish reading Ch01Hewitt. Miasma vs. germ theory as a case study of how science works. __Details:__ # Finish reading Ch01Hewitt (sections 1.8- end) ## You are responsible for the vocabulary on p. 15. # You are responsible for the vocabulary gone over today (see [[list|22 September 2016]]). # JohnSnow and the BroadStreetPump is a case study of the scientific method ([[Miasma]] vs. [[germs|CholeraEpidemic]]) and how science distinguishes between ## coincidence, correlation, and cause & effect. ## IF you want to have a more in depth knowledge of how this man changed the world's view on miasma vs. germs using his maps of death, watch this series of 3 short animated videos from Extra History on Youtube (kudos to Ethan Goh for finding them!). ### John Snow [[Part I| [[Part II| & [[Part III| # We'll finish writing out notes-to-self and responses to the MappingTheUniverse-Objectives this weekend. ## Focus on #3a, 6, and 9 for tonight. ## You should have ~30 minutes of work from last night on thes objectives at this point. Stop at objective #9 for now.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/25/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/26/2016 !!!!Title: Finish MappingTheUniverse-Objectives through #9. Videos for deeper understanding of the topics. __Details:__ # We'll finish writing out notes-to-self and responses to MappingTheUniverse-Objectives up through #9 this weekend. ## We'll do #10- end next week. # IF you want to have a more in depth knowledge (an "A" on the test essay) of how JohnSnow changed the world's view on miasma vs. germs using his maps of death, watch this series of 3 short animated videos from Extra History on Youtube (kudos to Ethan Goh for finding them!). ## John Snow [[Part I| [[Part II| & [[Part III| # Role of skepticism in science (room for doubt) and the need for a controlled test. Words to know: ## Epidemiological studies ## placebo effect ## cohort ## causal relationships |<html><iframe width="730" height="445" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/26/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/27/2016 !!!!Title: Intro to Physics reading __Details:__ # Please read Ch02Hewitt section 2.1- 2.4 on the beginning of physics starting with AriStotle and continuing to GaliLeo. # Please download and print the [[History of Physics Packet I: Greeks to Galileo| of Physics I- AncientsToGalileo.doc]] Word packet. ## This packet sets up the timeline for our discussion of the laws of physics. ## Please read pgs. 1-4 to become familar with names.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/27/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/28/2016 !!!!Title: History of Physics Q.#1-3a; Ch02Hewitt reading 2.5-2.7. __Details:__ # Read Ch02Hewitt reading sections 2.5-2.7. # Use your HistoryOfPhysicsI packet as a reference, along with your lecture notes, to answer ''questions #1-3a'' found in HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q1-7. ## The hyperlinks in the questions will act as references, showing descriptions, images, or short videos on each topic. The HistoryOfPhysics lists the main players in the development of physics in ancient times. ## Make sure you have a title and hard copy of these questions for class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/28/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/29/2016 !!!!Title: History of Physics Q.#3b-7 answered. __Details:__ # # Use your HistoryOfPhysicsI packet as a reference, along with your lecture notes, to answer ''questions #1-3a'' found in HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q1-7. ## Please read the hyperlinks in the questions. These sections will act as references, showing descriptions, images, or short videos on each topic. The HistoryOfPhysics lists the main players in the development of physics in ancient times. ## Make sure you have a title and hard copy of these questions for class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/29/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/30/2016 !!!!Title: [[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] #8-11 done. GaliLeo Interactive experiments. __Details:__ # Go to [[HistoryOfPhysicsI_Q8-14]] and answer #8-11. ## The hyperlinks in the questions will act as references, showing descriptions, images, or short videos on each topic. The HistoryOfPhysics lists the main players in the development of physics in ancient times. ## Make sure you [[try your hand at this Flash applet on Galileo's experiments to see this in action.| ## Answer the questions in full sentences with proper subjects (not "it" or "they"). Head and place in your HW binder.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/4/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/5/2016 !!!!Title: __Details:__
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/2/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/6/2016 !!!!Title: Lab-MeasuringStations write-up done; Correct WickedlyConstructedConversions. __Details:__ # See WickedlyConstructedConversionsAnswers to correct that HW. Due at start of class on Tuesday. # Lab-MeasuringStations analysis will be gone over in class on Friday. Go to the next blank page in your lab book and make an Analysis table (see below). ## Compare your personal lab stations Final Values to the Accepted Station Values as stated in Lab1AcceptedValues Excel spreadsheet. ## You will create an __Analysis Table #1__ (shown below). Use a pen and a ruler (or a printed Word table) that identifies if your answers were within the @@Accepted Value +/- the Accepted Range@@. ### You can simply identify the stations that were not within the @@Accepted Value +/- the Accepted Range@@. ### The overall trend will be summarized in one of the paragraphs in the Results & Discussion section. ### See the generic LabReportFormat Analysis section. //Errors= instrumentation issues; Blunders = human performance.// |Station # |Within Accepted value range? |Variance (state value and units) if beyond Accepted value range |Error and/or Blunder? |''@@color:red;Explanation for Error and/or Blunder@@'' | 3. We will go over in class on Friday how to do the Results & Discussion (R&D) that finishes the lab write-up. ## Make sure the you have cut-out and neatly taped the LabReportFormat into the front inside cover of your lab book ''before'' class on Friday. ## All written work in the lab book (excluding charts and sketches) must be done in pen (or typed and taped in) and be double-spaced. All mistakes should have a single cross-out. Do not use white-out! 4. You will use the generic rules for the 4 paragraph format called ''Results & Discussion'' (R&D) as you write it tonight. ## You can word process the Results and Discussion section or write it in pen. Both types of entries require ''skipping lines'' to give me room for edits on the final report. 5 The lab will be checked for a first draft editing on Tuesday, 9/6. ## Any printed sheets can be neatly taped in editing so that nothing sticks out of the lab book.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/6/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/7/2016 !!!!Title: Lab-MeasuringStations corrections made. FiendishlyCleverConversions worked on. __Details:__ # Finish your Lab #1 editing. When your Lab-MeasuringStations write-up is done, you can turn in your lab. Verify you have the LabReportFormat on the inside cover. ## Final Due date will be Thurs, 9/8 for Lab #1. # FiendishlyCleverConversions worked on for 30 minutes tonight. Should be done before class. Corrected in class. # The final conversion worksheet will be ChuckNorrisCringesConversions.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/7/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/8/2016 !!!!Title: Due date for Lab-MeasuringStations. ChuckNorrisCringesConversions should be finished. Open flashcard quiz over UnitAnalysis. __Details:__ # Due date for all lab books with Lab #1 completed. ## Neatly tape in any paper associated with the lab into the book. ## Missing the deadline for a lab turn-in means you should fill out a LatePass! # A corrected ChuckNorrisCringesConversions will be due 20 minutes into class. # You'll have an open MetricPrefixTable flashcard quiz over various problems using UnitAnalysis during the last 20 minutes of class.
@@__Assigned:__@@ 9/8/2016 @@__Due:__@@ 9/9/2016 !!!!Title: Read "Certain Uncertainties Part I" & answer questions __Details:__ * The Bonus IceShrinkageProblem is due by 9/13/16. # Read Neil ~DeGrasse Tyson's essay [["Certain Uncertainties Part I"| # Answer the CertainUncertaintyQuestions on notepaper and bring to class (add a title on top and full name, date, R-code in upper right corner).
!Handouts for Ch01Hewitt & MappingTheUniverse Unit | !Mapping the Universe Handouts |>| |Page 1 |[img[PDF symbol| [[ Mapping the Universe p1| |~| |Page 2 |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mapping the Universe Packet p2| | |Page 3 |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mapping the Universe p3 | | |Page 4-10 |[img[PDF symbol| [[ Mapping the Universe p4-10 | |
| !Measurement & Metrics Handouts | |[img[PDF symbol| [[Metric Pyramid| | |[img[PDF symbol| [[Powers of Ten- Image Examples| | |[img[Excel symbol| [[Reading Graduated Scales p.1| | |[img[Excel symbol| [[Reading Graduated Scales p.2| | |[img[Word symbol| [[Bathtub trend graph| | |UnitAnalysis conversion practice sheets | |UnitAnalysisAnswers |
! Block with a mass of 6 kg is on a ramp. Bonus Test Question. * The ramp, which leads down to a level surface of the same material, has a F~~friction~~ of -4 N. * The block will experience an a~~net~~ of 3 m/s^^2^^ while on the ramp. * Assume F~~w~~ can be resolved into 2 components at 90 degrees to each other: F~~w down the ramp~~ + F~~w ''on'' the ramp~~. Assume F~~w ''down'' the ramp~~ beats the F~~friction~~ by F~~net~~. Assume F~~w on the ramp~~ is normal or 90 degrees to the ramp. * The block is only on the ramp for 3 seconds before it moves onto the level surface. # Diagram and label all Forces on this block while on the ramp. # Find F~~net ''on'' ramp~~. # When the block hits the level surface, what will it do? What will be the F~~net ''after'' ramp~~? # Calculate the distance the block will travel on the level surface until it comes to a halt. | !''//Hint://'' | |[img[Ball on ramp hint|
!How vectors (A + B) are graphically summed up to find a @@color:red;resultant (R)@@. * If all vectors of force are summed up you will find F~~net~~. Based on NewtonsLaws then a~~net~~ can be found if mass is known. | Vector addition by adding vectors in the correct orientation head-to-tail. [[Source.| | | Vector addition is @@color:red;Commutative@@ (A+B = B+A) | |[img[Vector addition example| * If the length of the resultant is needed, use: ** Pythagorean Theory for right-angle vector addition (a^^2^^ + b^^2^^ = c^^2^^) ** @@Resolve angled vectors into (x,y) components@@ and sum up all x's and y's to get the final resultant. Then use Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the resultant. *** Ex: Vector A + Vector B = (3,5) + (-6, 3) = (x~~1~~+x~~2~~, y~~1~~+y~~2~~) = (-3,8). *** the length of the Vector~~net~~ of (-3,8) = SQRT(-3^^2^^ + 8^^2^^) = SQRT(9+64) =SQRT(73) = @@8.5 units long.@@
!Amount of energy in joules that must be added to a given mass before a temperature rise of 1 °C occurs
> Added ThermalEnergy is used to cause molecular //''stretching, rotation, and flexing''// until a point where any __additional__ energy causes @@translation@@, which allows __collisions to occur__. Once this @@translational@@ state is reached the temperature of an object will begin to show a change. The standard value of ThermalEnergy needed to reach this state is measured in ''Joules per gram required to get a 1°C temperature rise''.
| Q =Heat= mass*C~~p~~*ΔT |
| where C~~p~~ = J/g*°C = @@Specific Heat Capacity@@ |
| where ΔT = T~~max~~- T~~min~~ |
* Specific Heat Capacity = ''C~~p~~.''
* Conductors have ''low'' heat capacities.
** Example: metals, sand.
* Insulators have ''high'' heat capacities.
** water, wood, most plastics.
* Listing of common materials heat capacities at [[Engineering toolbox.com|
| Pure water's C~~p~~ = 4.186 J added to 1 g before a change of 1°C is seen. |
| !Example of a Heat Capacity calculation: |
| 200 g of 20°C metal is added to 100 g of 80°C water in an insulated container. The water reaches a final temperature of 77°C. |
|1. ΔT~~water~~ = -3°C; ΔT~~metal~~ = +57°C |
|2. Q~~water~~ = Heat lost = mass*C~~p~~*ΔT = (100 g)(4.186 J/g°C)(-3°C) = -1256 Joules (lost) |
|3. Assume {{{|}}}Heat lost by water{{{|}}} = Heat gained by block = 1256 Joules |
|4. 1256 Joules added to the metal = mass*C~~p~~*ΔT; solve for C~~p~~ of metal = (heat / mass*ΔT) = (1256 J/ (200 g * 57 °C)) = ''@@0.11 J/ g°C@@'' |!Transfer of ThermalEnergy from object of a higher temperature (source) to objects with a lower temperature (sink) due to: * ConDuction * ConVection * RaDiation * People whose contributions to the concept of AbsoluteZero and refrigeration can be seen in the [[NOVA interactive timeline| ** Drebbel, Boyle, Fahrenheit, Celsius, Lavoisier, Count Rumford, Amontoms, Faraday.
!Sol centered solar system proposed by CoperNicus.
[>img[tiddlywiki.org logo| today is the result of the efforts of dozens of people around the world generously contributing their time and skill, and offering considerable help and support. If you'd like help getting your ~TiddlyWiki project off the ground, perhaps the best place to start is the community wiki at It contains detailed project documentation, as well as the master copy of the ~TiddlyWiki source code, and a system for tracking bugs and enhancement requests. The community welcomes [[contributions|Contribute]]. Also, there are two Google Group discussion forums for discussions about ~TiddlyWiki, whether basic entry level questions or more complex challenges! They are the best places to ask questions about ~TiddlyWiki, and to connect with other enthusiasts: * A ~TiddlyWiki group for general discussion, bug reports and announcements at * A ~TiddlyWikiDev group for discussion about ~TiddlyWiki development at There are also resources for non-English language speakers, * ~TiddlyWikiFR, in French, at * ~TiddlyWiki 華語支援論壇, in Chinese, at * ~TiddlyWikiPT, in Brazilian Portuguese, at Many ~TiddlyWiki hackers hang out on our IRC room, #tiddlywiki on irc.freenode.net. The ~TiddlyWiki community have created several tutorials and guides. Here are some of the most popular ones: * Jeremy Wagstaff's [[The Power of Tiddly| * Dave Gifford's [[TiddlyWiki for the Rest of Us| and his [[slideshow introduction| * Morris Gray's [[TW Help - TiddlyWiki help file for beginners| * Dmitri Popov's [[TiddlyWiki quick reference card| * Screencasts from [[JimVentola| and [[LeonKilat| A glossary of terms appears on [[TiddlyWiki.org| ~TiddlyWiki is owned by the not-for-profit [[UnaMesa Foundation|
> Source: [[Cosmic-Ray.org| <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="1" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe></div></html>
!Textbook used in PhysSci8 and 7th grade Earth Science | //''__Conceptual Integrated Solutions__''// | | [img[ | | __Authors:__ Hewitt, Lyons, Suchocki, Yeh | | __Publisher:__ Pearson | | [[Book Website Login| for use with your ID & password you setup. | |bgcolor(#3399FF): ''Table of Contents'' | | !I. PHYSICS Chapter #'s | |[[1. About Science|Ch01Hewitt]] | |[[2. Basic Motion & Newton's 1st Law.|Ch02Hewitt]] | |[[3. Newton's 2nd Law of Motion.|Ch03Hewitt]] | |[[4. Newton's 3rd Law of Motion.|Ch04Hewitt]] | |[[5. Momentum.|Ch05Hewitt]] | |[[6. Energy.|Ch06Hewitt]] | |[[7. Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites|Ch07Hewitt]] | |[[8. Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics|Ch08Hewitt]] | |[[9. Static and Current Electricity.|Ch09Hewitt]] | |[[10. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction. |Ch10Hewitt]] | |[[11. Waves and Sound |Ch11Hewitt]] | |[[12. Light & Color|Ch12Hewitt]] | |[[13. Properties of Light.|Ch13Hewitt]] |
> End of the Chapter Multiple Choice Question Answers !!Ch03Hewitt 1.b 2.a 3.b 4.b 5.d 6.c 7.a 8.a 9.d 10.b !!Ch04Hewitt 1.d 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.c 6.a 7.a 8.c 9.a 10.d !!Ch05Hewitt 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.c 6.a 7.a 8.d 9.a 10.a !!Ch06Hewitt 1.d 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.d 6.a 7.a 8.c 9.a 10.c !!Ch07Hewitt 1.a 2.d 3.b 4.c 5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.a 10.a !!Ch08Hewitt 1.a 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.b 6.d 7.b 8.b 9.d 10.a !!Ch09Hewitt 1.a 2.b 3.a 5.d 5.b 6.b 7.a 8.b 9.a 10.b !!Ch10Hewitt 1.b 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.a 9.b 10.d !!Ch11Hewitt 1.c 2.c 3.d 4.a 5.b 6.a 7.a 8.a 9.b 10.c !!Ch12Hewitt 1.c 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.c 6.d 7.c 8.a 9.c 10.a !!Ch13Hewitt 1.b 2.d 3.c 4.b 5.a 6.b 7.c 8.d 9.d 10.b
/***
|Name:|HideWhenPlugin|
|Description:|Allows conditional inclusion/exclusion in templates|
|Version:|3.2a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
For use in ViewTemplate and EditTemplate. Example usage:
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Warning: the showWhen and hideWhen macros will blindly eval paramString.
This could be used to execute harmful javascript from a tiddler.
(TODO: Make some effort to sanitize paramString. Perhaps disallow the equals sign?)
***/
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//}}}!How do you absorb the recoil of an 80 mm mortar round? * Allow the force to be spread over a much longer time in order to allow this mortar to be shoulder fired <html> <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> </html>
!Jumping from the edge of space > "First Man in Space - Skydiving From The Edge Of The World * "On August 16, 1960, [[Joseph Kittinger| jumped his last Project Excelsior jump for NASA, doing so from an air-thin height of of 102,800 feet (31,334 meters). From that nearly 20 miles altitude, his tumble toward terra firma took some 4 minutes and 36 seconds. Exceeding the speed of sound during the fall, Kittinger used a small stabilizing chute before a larger, main parachute opened in the denser atmosphere. He safely touched down in barren New Mexico desert, 13 minutes 45 seconds after he vaulted into the void." <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!The Science that started the revolution of creating literal maps of the universe. * Mix and match on the @@color(#FF66CC):''pink text''@@ individual's contributions through 1600CE. * You need to know the achievements of the @@color:#FF3399;''pink underlined names''@@ and their relative dates in the total packet set through IsaacNewton (about 1700 AD)! !!!!A. Contributions of the Greeks # Their 4 philosophical foundations for humanism. # Individuals to know the accomplishments of and relative time order of these individuals highlighted in pink in the History I packet: * ''@@color:#FF3399;ThaLes@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;Socrates@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;Plato@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;AriStotle's@@'' ideas about motion (there are six parts!) * ''@@color:#FF3399;AlexanderTheGreat@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;Strato of Lampsacus@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;Euclid@@'' (mentor to Archimedes) * ''@@color:#FF3399;ArchiMedes@@'' * ''@@color:#FF3399;[[Eratosthenes]]@@'' (contemporary of Archimedes) * ''@@color:#FF3399;PtoLemy@@'' !!!! B. Role of Arabic Cultures in [[preserving Greek knowledge|TracingTheGreeksFire]]. !!!! C. [[Catholic Church’s adoption|ThomasAquinas]] of Aristotle’s beliefs |[img[Word symbol| [[History of Physics Packet I: Greeks to Galileo| of Physics I- AncientsToGalileo.doc]]| !!!! D. GaliLeo & IsaacNewton’s role in [[developing modern physics|TheDayTheUniverseChanged]] and how it fundamentally changed the [[Western outlook on the universe.|ClockworkUniverse]] |[img[Word symbol| [[History of Physics Packet II: "Universe as a Machine"| of Physics-UniversalMachine 10.doc]] from 1650-1800.| !!Resources over the History of Physics:
|[img[Word symbol| [[History of Physics Packet I: Greeks to Galileo| of Physics I- AncientsToGalileo.doc]]|
|[img[Word| [[History of Physics Packet: "Universe as a Machine"| of Physics-UniversalMachine 10.doc]] from 1650-1800.|
!Focus on the period from 1450- 1700 with an emphasis on the AstroNomers. > See the [[HistoryOfPhysicsII]] packet for answers: # List major scientific accomplishments of: ## CoperNicus ## GaliLeo ### Why is he known as the Father of Modern Science? ## TychoBrahe ## [[Johannes Kepler|KeplersLaws]] ## Paracelsus ## Rene Descartes ## [[Blaise Pascal|PascalsPrinciple]] ## EdmundHalley # For IsaacNewton, please do the following: ## Describe [[Newton’s Laws of Motion.|NewtonsLaws]] ## What is the [[Universal Law of Gravity?|LawOfUniversalGravitation]] ## Describe the framework known as the "ClockworkUniverse" that arrived with the 'Glorious Revolution of 1688' that occurred with the publication of the //Principia//.
* Read through [[History of Physics Packet I: Greeks to Galileo| * ''Answer the following in full sentences. If typing, please boldface your answers.'' * See TracingTheGreeksFire for help on answering these questions. They are a continuation of the history of Physics questions you've already started. ''1.'' Who was ThaLes and what is his importance to the history of physics? ''2.'' What were the four major contributions of the Greek Natural Philosophers to the Scientific Method? ''3.'' The importance of the Greeks can be summarized in [[two types of "Greek Fire"|TracingTheGreeksFire]]. One kind relates to research science, the other to applied science. ** a. In this context, why is the LibraryOfAlexandria important to the history of science? How did AriStotle's student, AlexanderTheGreat, cause NaturalPhilosophy to spread throughout the ancient world? ** b. In this context, why are Constantinople and the ByzantineEmpire important to the history of science? ''4.'' What was the name of the period when NaturalPhilosophy was lost in the west after the fall of Rome? What did conquering MoorishSpain around 1230 AD provide to the West? * //To understand what rediscovering Greek mathematics did to the West, one only has to look at the changes in the architecture:// ** Terry Hartle in the [[July 12, 2008| __The Christian Science Monitor__, in reviewing the "__Universe of Stone: A Biography of Chartres Cathedral__" by Phillip Ball, says: > "...the study of AriStotle, Plato, and Euclid and encouraged students to seek a ''rational understanding of the universe.'' The principles of logic were paramount. So important were these developments that Ball refers to them as “The First Renaissance.” >"This interest in a ''coherent and ordered universe'' began to take physical form in the many cathedrals and churches built during the 12th and 13th centuries. Mathematics, especially geometry, made it possible to build dramatically larger and different facilities." >"In Ball’s words, the new cathedrals were no longer “squat and gloomy edifices in the style we now know as Romanesque, but towering monuments of stone and glass filled with light and seeming to ascend weightlessly toward heaven.”" ** The cathedral was built using modified trebuchets, ''descendants of ArchiMedes' war machines'', as cranes. | !Chartes Cathedral in France | |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Chartres_Cathedral" width="400" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>| ''5.'' What other contributions of ArchiMedes might have assisted in the building of this Roman Catholic cathedral besides the understanding of levers? ''6.'' Identify some reasons why ArchiMedes may have been the greatest genius in the ancient western world. What does the newly identified writings in the [[Palimpsest|ArchimedesLostSecrets]] tell us about this polymath of Syracuse? ''7.'' Who was responsible for adopting AriStotle's' NaturalPhilosophy into the [[Roman Catholic Church|ThomasAquinas]]? About when did this occur?
''8''. List a major scientific accomplishment of CoperNicus. ## What task was he assigned by the Catholic Church? ## Why was he hesitant about publishing it? ''9''. When did these two events occur and what impact did each have on the the development of modern science? ## Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe ## Invention of Gutenburg's PrintingPress method ''10''. Why is GaliLeo known as the Father of Modern Science? ''11''. How did GaliLeo slow down the acceleration of falling objects so that they could be timed? ##[[Try your hand at this Flash applet on Galileo's experiments to see this in action.| ## How did GaliLeo control air resistance in his experiments on falling objects? ''12''. What did GaliLeo do with the telescope that crossed the line that ThomasAquinas had set up in order to have the theology of the Catholic Church coexist with NaturalPhilosophy? ## What actions eventually brought him to trial before the Church in Rome? ### The image below is from the PBS Series [["Galileo's Battle for the Heavens''| [img[Galileo vs. the Church| ## What was the outcome of this trial? ''13''. Why was [[TychoBrahe]]'s discovery of a [[supernova in 1572| and the path of a [[comet in 1577| so significant to the Renaissance's understanding of the Heavens? ''14''. Galileo's use of his vastly improved telescope design in 1609-1611 allowed him to find vital evidence supporting the HelioCentric model of the solar system. ## Why was the observation of the waxing and waning of Venus (Venus having strikingly different phases) such a crucial bit of evidence? | !GeoCentric Model Prediction | !Jan.30th, 1996 Phase of the moon as an example of a crescent light pattern | | [img[What Earth would observe of the phases of Venus if the geocentric model was correct.| | [img[Jan. 30, 1996 phase of the moon| | | | | | !HelioCentric Model Prediction | !2004 animated [[phases of Venus from NASA| | | [img[Observations of the phases of Venus if the heliocentric model was correct.| | [img[2004 animated images of Venus| |
<<top>> <<toggleSideBar>><<renameButton '>' >> <<jump j '' top>> <<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>> <<newTiddler>><<renameButton n>>
/***
|Name|HoverMenuPlugin|
|Created by|SaqImtiaz|
|Location|
|Version|1.11|
|Requires|~TW2.x|
!Description:
Provides a hovering menu on the edge of the screen for commonly used commands, that scrolls with the page.
!Demo:
Observe the hovering menu on the right edge of the screen.
!Installation:
Copy the contents of this tiddler to your TW, tag with systemConfig, save and reload your TW.
To customize your HoverMenu, edit the HoverMenu shadow tiddler.
To customize whether the menu sticks to the right or left edge of the screen, and its start position, edit the HoverMenu configuration settings part of the code below. It's well documented, so don't be scared!
The menu has an id of hoverMenu, in case you want to style the buttons in it using css.
!Notes:
Since the default HoverMenu contains buttons for toggling the side bar and jumping to the top of the screen and to open tiddlers, the ToggleSideBarMacro, JumpMacro and the JumpToTopMacro are included in this tiddler, so you dont need to install them separately. Having them installed separately as well could lead to complications.
If you dont intend to use these three macros at all, feel free to remove those sections of code in this tiddler.
!To Do:
* rework code to allow multiple hovering menus in different positions, horizontal etc.
* incorporate code for keyboard shortcuts that correspond to the buttons in the hovermenu
!History:
*03-08-06, ver 1.11: fixed error with button tooltips
*27-07-06, ver 1.1 : added JumpMacro to hoverMenu
*23-07-06
!Code
***/
/***
start HoverMenu plugin code
***/
//{{{
config.hoverMenu={};
//}}}
/***
HoverMenu configuration settings
***/
//{{{
config.hoverMenu.settings={ align: 'right', //align menu to right or left side of screen, possible values are 'right' and 'left' x: 1, // horizontal distance of menu from side of screen, increase to your liking. y: 158 //vertical distance of menu from top of screen at start, increase or decrease to your liking };
//}}}
//{{{
//continue HoverMenu plugin code
config.hoverMenu.handler=function()
{ var theMenu = createTiddlyElement(document.getElementById("contentWrapper"), "div","hoverMenu"); theMenu.setAttribute("refresh","content"); theMenu.setAttribute("tiddler","HoverMenu"); var menuContent = store.getTiddlerText("HoverMenu"); wikify(menuContent,theMenu); var Xloc = this.settings.x; Yloc =this.settings.y; var ns = (navigator.appName.indexOf("Netscape") != -1); function SetMenu(id) { var GetElements=document.getElementById?document.getElementById(id):document.all?document.all[id]:document.layers[id]; if(document.layers)GetElements.style=GetElements; GetElements.sP=function(x,y){this.style[config.hoverMenu.settings.align]=x +"px";this.style.top=y +"px";}; GetElements.x = Xloc; GetElements.y = findScrollY(); GetElements.y += Yloc; return GetElements; } window.LoCate_XY=function() { var pY = findScrollY(); ftlObj.y += (pY + Yloc - ftlObj.y)/15; ftlObj.sP(ftlObj.x, ftlObj.y); setTimeout("LoCate_XY()", 10); } ftlObj = SetMenu("hoverMenu"); LoCate_XY();
};
window.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart = restart;
restart = function()
{ window.old_lewcid_hovermenu_restart(); config.hoverMenu.handler();
};
setStylesheet(
"#hoverMenu .button, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink {border:none; font-weight:bold; background:#18f; color:#FFF; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\n"+
"#hoverMenu .button:hover, #hoverMenu .tiddlyLink:hover {font-weight:bold; border:none; color:#fff; background:#000; padding:0 5px; float:right; margin-bottom:4px;}\n"+
"#hoverMenu .button {width:100%; text-align:center}"+
"#hoverMenu { position:absolute; width:7px;}\n"+
"\n","hoverMenuStyles");
config.macros.renameButton={};
config.macros.renameButton.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{ if (place.lastChild.tagName!="BR") { place.lastChild.firstChild.data = params[0]; if (params[1]) {place.lastChild.title = params[1];} }
};
config.shadowTiddlers["HoverMenu"]="<<top>>\n<<toggleSideBar>><<renameButton '>' >>\n<<jump j '' top>>\n<<saveChanges>><<renameButton s 'Save TiddlyWiki'>>\n<<newTiddler>><<renameButton n>>\n";
//}}}
//end HoverMenu plugin code
//Start ToggleSideBarMacro code
//{{{
config.macros.toggleSideBar={};
config.macros.toggleSideBar.settings={ styleHide : "#sidebar { display: none;}\n"+"#contentWrapper #displayArea { margin-right: 1em;}\n"+"", styleShow : " ", arrow1: "«", arrow2: "»"
};
config.macros.toggleSideBar.handler=function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{ var tooltip= params[1]||'toggle sidebar'; var mode = (params[2] && params[2]=="hide")? "hide":"show"; var arrow = (mode == "hide")? this.settings.arrow1:this.settings.arrow2; var label= (params[0]&¶ms[0]!='.')?params[0]+" "+arrow:arrow; var theBtn = createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onToggleSideBar,"button HideSideBarButton"); if (mode == "hide") { (document.getElementById("sidebar")).setAttribute("toggle","hide"); setStylesheet(this.settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles"); }
};
config.macros.toggleSideBar.onToggleSideBar = function(){ var sidebar = document.getElementById("sidebar"); var settings = config.macros.toggleSideBar.settings; if (sidebar.getAttribute("toggle")=='hide') { setStylesheet(settings.styleShow,"ToggleSideBarStyles"); sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","show"); this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow1,settings.arrow2); } else { setStylesheet(settings.styleHide,"ToggleSideBarStyles"); sidebar.setAttribute("toggle","hide"); this.firstChild.data= (this.firstChild.data).replace(settings.arrow2,settings.arrow1); } return false;
}
setStylesheet(".HideSideBarButton .button {font-weight:bold; padding: 0 5px;}\n","ToggleSideBarButtonStyles");
//}}}
//end ToggleSideBarMacro code
//start JumpToTopMacro code
//{{{
config.macros.top={};
config.macros.top.handler=function(place,macroName)
{ createTiddlyButton(place,"^","jump to top",this.onclick);
}
config.macros.top.onclick=function()
{ window.scrollTo(0,0);
};
config.commands.top =
{ text:" ^ ", tooltip:"jump to top"
};
config.commands.top.handler = function(event,src,title)
{ window.scrollTo(0,0);
}
//}}}
//end JumpToStartMacro code
//start JumpMacro code
//{{{
config.macros.jump= {};
config.macros.jump.handler = function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{ var label = (params[0] && params[0]!=".")? params[0]: 'jump'; var tooltip = (params[1] && params[1]!=".")? params[1]: 'jump to an open tiddler'; var top = (params[2] && params[2]=='top') ? true: false; var btn =createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,this.onclick); if (top==true) btn.setAttribute("top","true")
}
config.macros.jump.onclick = function(e)
{ if (!e) var e = window.event; var theTarget = resolveTarget(e); var top = theTarget.getAttribute("top"); var popup = Popup.create(this); if(popup) { if(top=="true") {createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),'Top ↑','Top of TW',config.macros.jump.top); createTiddlyElement(popup,"hr");} story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) { createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),title,true); }); } Popup.show(popup,false); e.cancelBubble = true; if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation(); return false;
}
config.macros.jump.top = function()
{ window.scrollTo(0,0);
}
//}}}
//end JumpMacro code
//utility functions
//{{{
Popup.show = function(unused,slowly)
{ var curr = Popup.stack[Popup.stack.length-1]; var rootLeft = findPosX(curr.root); var rootTop = findPosY(curr.root); var rootHeight = curr.root.offsetHeight; var popupLeft = rootLeft; var popupTop = rootTop + rootHeight; var popupWidth = curr.popup.offsetWidth; var winWidth = findWindowWidth(); if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu')) var x = config.hoverMenu.settings.x; else var x = 0; if(popupLeft + popupWidth+x > winWidth) popupLeft = winWidth - popupWidth -x; if (isChild(curr.root,'hoverMenu')) {curr.popup.style.right = x + "px";} else curr.popup.style.left = popupLeft + "px"; curr.popup.style.top = popupTop + "px"; curr.popup.style.display = "block"; addClass(curr.root,"highlight"); if(config.options.chkAnimate) anim.startAnimating(new Scroller(curr.popup,slowly)); else window.scrollTo(0,ensureVisible(curr.popup));
}
window.isChild = function(e,parentId) { while (e != null) { var parent = document.getElementById(parentId); if (parent == e) return true; e = e.parentNode; } return false;
};
//}}}How A Jet Engine Works * British documentary; 9:30 min <<player id=6 flash
[[A great site explaining all of this in easy terms|
Entities in HTML documents allow characters to be entered that can't easily be typed on an ordinary keyboard. They take the form of an ampersand (&), an identifying string, and a terminating semi-colon (;). There's a complete reference [[here| some of the more common and useful ones are shown below.
|>|>|>|>|>|>| !HTML Entities |
| &δ | Δ | delta | | &λ | λ | lambda |
| &nbsp; | | no-break space | | &apos; | ' | single quote, apostrophe |
| &ndash; | – | en dash |~| &quot; | " | quotation mark |
| &mdash; | — | em dash |~| &prime; | ′ | prime; minutes; feet |
| &hellip; | … | horizontal ellipsis |~| &Prime; | ″ | double prime; seconds; inches |
| &copy; | © | Copyright symbol |~| &lsquo; | ‘ | left single quote |
| &reg; | ® | Registered symbol |~| &rsquo; | ’ | right single quote |
| &trade; | ™ | Trademark symbol |~| &ldquo; | “ | left double quote |
| &dagger; | † | dagger |~| &rdquo; | ” | right double quote |
| &Dagger; | ‡ | double dagger |~| &laquo; | « | left angle quote |
| &para; | ¶ | paragraph sign |~| &raquo; | » | right angle quote |
| &sect; | § | section sign |~| &times; | × | multiplication symbol |
| &uarr; | ↑ | up arrow |~| &darr; | ↓ | down arrow |
| &larr; | ← | left arrow |~| &rarr; | → | right arrow |
| &lArr; | ⇐ | double left arrow |~| &rArr; | ⇒ | double right arrow |
| &harr; | ↔ | left right arrow |~| &hArr; | ⇔ | double left right arrow |
| &> | > | Greater than |~| &<; | lt; | Less than |
| &divide; | ÷ | Division symbol |~| &deg; | ° | Degree symbol |
| &not; | ¬ | Not symbol |~| &plusmn; | ± | Plus/minus symbol |
| &micro; | µ | Micro |~| &∴ | ∴ | therefore triangle |
| &ne; | ≠ | not equals |~| &ge; | ≥ | greater than or equals to |
| &le; | ≤ | less than or equals to |~| &asymp; | ≈ | approximately |
| &radic; | √ | square root radical |~| &infin; | ∞ | infinity |
| &int; | ∫ | integral sign |~| &part; | ∂ | partial derivative |
| &sum; | ∑ | Sigma Sum Sign |~| &prod; | ∏ | Pi Product Sign |
| &omega | Ω | Omega |~| &rho | ρ | rho = density |
| &frac12 | ½ | 1/2 |~| |||
The table below shows how accented characters can be built up by substituting a base character into the various accent entities in place of the underscore ('_'):
|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>| !Accented Characters |
| grave accent | &_grave; | À | à | È | è | Ì | ì | Ò | ò | Ù | ù | | | | | | |
| acute accent | &_acute; | Á | á | É | é | Í | í | Ó | ó | Ú | ú | | | Ý | ý | | |
| circumflex accent | &_circ; | Â | â | Ê | ê | Î | î | Ô | ô | Û | û | | | | | | |
| umlaut mark | &_uml; | Ä | ä | Ë | ë | Ï | ï | Ö | ö | Ü | ü | | | Ÿ | ÿ | | |
| tilde | &_tilde; | Ã | ã | | | | | Õ | õ | | | Ñ | ñ | | | | |
| ring | &_ring; | Å | å | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| slash | &_slash; | | | | | | | Ø | ø | | | | | | | |
| cedilla | &_cedil; | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ç | ç |* In the [[400th anniversary year| of the refinement of the telescope by GaliLeo, a space shuttle mission rescues the dying Hubble. * This was known as Hubble Servicing Mission 4. * The [[Hubble 2.0| is yielding fantastic new images since it's resolution has been boosted and it's lifespan expanded since this daring mission. * New pictures from 8/09: [img[Early Release Hubble Service Mission 4 images|
!How do the images get from space to your monitor? * A Guardian UK [[video explains this process.|
* Fossil light of some of the first galaxies in the universe collected by the Hubble Telescope through the long imaging of just one patch of the universe. * To gain some perspective...[[Bloom County's take on our place in the universe|OpusUniverse]] <<player id=7 image 650 740>>
!Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 3D <html> <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> </html>
!First great spaced based telescope put up by the space shuttle in 1990. * [[Homepage for all Hubble images|
|The eye focuses light through a clear, solid protein lens. The light falls on the imaging layer or ''retina'', where it is converted to electrical impulses through the absorption of certain wavelengths of light. The cells in the retina are tuned to focus on black & white and motion changes (the ''rods'') or color (the ''cones''). | [img[eye cross section| [[Source.| | | [img[Rods & cones| [[Source.| are three types of cones: @@color:red;Red@@, @@color:green;Green@@, and @@color:blue;Blue@@, identified by the wavelength of visible light they absorb due to the pigments or opsins they have in them. @@color:red;Red = 559 nm peak absorption@@, @@color:green;Green = 531 nm@@, @@color:blue;Blue = 419 nm@@ (//note: these peak absorption numbers can vary slightly//). Rods absorb at 496 nm for their peak and they are the only system that runs at night. Rods vastly outnumber cones in the ''retina''. The evolution of cone pigments started with the most [[primitive photosensitive bacteria| and, in animals, the family "tree" of pigments can be seen [[here| ([[Source: UConn.edu|). | | [img[human cone wavelength absorption curve. R= Rod.| [[Source.| | Human cone PigMents wavelength AbSorption curve. S= Short wavelength, M = Medium, L = Long, R = Rods (B&W night vision). | | ![[What if your eye's color cones are different?| |Florida State's java applet that lets you experience what it could be like to have mutantation in your cone's pigments. |
* [[Hunting Near Earth Objects| * [[Why we should care about Asteroids|
!Pistons pushing on enclosed fluids to do work using PascalsPrinciple. * Work = Force * Distance = N*m = Joules * All SimpleMachines use MechanicalAdvantage, and hydraulics do too. # If Pressure In = Pressure Out and Work In = Work Out then: # A ''@@color:red;small input force@@ in a hydraulic machine is multiplied by a @@color:blue;large displacement@@ of a @@color:green;small piston@@ to create a @@color:red;large output force@@ with a @@color:blue;small displacement@@ of a @@color:green;large piston@@.'' | [img[Hydraulic machine| | The equations below will be __given to you on the test__ using the ''shorthand symbols: A = Area; D= Displacement; F = Force; V = Volume.'' | |~| ''@@color:red;Force~~1~~@@/ @@color:green;Area of piston~~1~~@@ = @@color:red;Force~~2~~@@/ @@color:green;Area of piston~~2~~@@'' | |~| ''@@color:green;Area of piston~~1~~@@ * @@color:blue;Displacement of Piston~~1~~@@ = @@color:green;Area of piston~~2~~@@ * @@color:blue;Displacement of Piston~~2~~@@'' because ''Volume~~before~~ = Volume~~after~~'' in an enclosed fluid. | |~| ''@@color:green;Big Piston@@ lifts @@color:red;big weight@@ but moves a @@color:blue;__small__ amount@@'' while ''@@color:green;Small Piston@@ lifts @@color:red;small weight@@ but moves a @@color:blue;__large__ amount@@''. | | [[Source.| | [[NASA Sample Problems with answers| |
!Water systems on this water world, Earth.
* Formed at rift or subduction zones where crustal plates meet ** See PlateTectonics * Hydrogen disulfide (H~~2~~S) is being produced- [[a toxic gas for aerobic life that can induce metabolic shutdown.|'Suspended Animation' Induced In Mice]] > "But life on earth has figured out how to live with H~~2~~S. In deep-sea vents bacteria live on the H~~2~~S coming out of the vent. These chemosynthetic bacteria oxidize the H~~2~~S as its energy source. And some have even proposed that H~~2~~S chemosynthetic life was the first life on earth. But water, "life's marvelous universal solvent" was still the basis for that life, and for all the other life that followed."- [[Mike Conrad, Post-doc/Fellow, Microbiology, UNC| * SulfurCycle in the ecosystem. <html><div align="center"> <object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object> </div></html>
!UnitAnalysis Extra Credit (+2 pt to HW category). No points after 9/13/16 > Turn into Rummel on notepaper your unit analysis escape diagram, labelled unit grid, and boxed answer to solve this problem: 1a. If, at the end of the summer of 2011 the Arctic ocean ice coverage is 2.926 million km^^2^^, and Texas has an area of 268, 820 square miles, then how many Texas size areas worth of sea ice remain? 1b. During the melt season of 2011 (March to September) the loss of sea ice was estimated by satellite to be, on average, 55,222 km^^2^^ per day. How many of such days of sea ice loss would equal the area of one Texas?
!Cars without friction! <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
!Novel designs to protect your noggin! * [[Woodpecker skull inspires bike helmet.| * [[Swedish invisible bike helmet- a real thing!|
/***
|Name|ImportTiddlersPlugin|
|Source|
|Documentation|
|Version|4.6.2|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|interactive controls for import/export with filtering.|
Combine tiddlers from any two TiddlyWiki documents. Interactively select and copy tiddlers from another TiddlyWiki source document. Includes prompting for skip, rename, merge or replace actions when importing tiddlers that match existing titles. When done, a list of all imported tiddlers is written into [[ImportedTiddlers]].
!!!!!Documentation
<<<
see [[ImportTiddlersPluginInfo]] for details
<<<
!!!!!interactive control panel
<<<
<<importTiddlers inline>>
{{clear{
^^(see also: [[ImportTiddlers]] shadow tiddler)^^}}}
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2011.02.14 4.6.2 fix OSX error: use picker.file.path
2009.10.10 4.6.1 in createImportPanel, Use {{{window.Components}}} instead of {{{config.browser.isGecko}}} to avoid applying FF3 'file browse' fixup in Chrome.
2009.10.06 4.6.0 added createTiddlerFromFile (import text files)
|please see [[ImportTiddlersPluginInfo]] for additional revision details|
2005.07.20 1.0.0 Initial Release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.ImportTiddlersPlugin= {major: 4, minor: 6, revision: 2, date: new Date(2011,2,14)};
// IE needs explicit global scoping for functions/vars called from browser events
window.onClickImportButton=onClickImportButton;
window.refreshImportList=refreshImportList;
// default cookie/option values
if (!config.options.chkImportReport) config.options.chkImportReport=true;
// default shadow definition
config.shadowTiddlers.ImportTiddlers='<<importTiddlers inline>>';
// use shadow tiddler content in backstage panel
if (config.tasks) config.tasks.importTask.content='<<tiddler ImportTiddlers>>' // TW2.2 or above
//}}}
//{{{
// backward-compatiblity for TW2.0.x and TW1.2.x
if (config.macros.importTiddlers==undefined) config.macros.importTiddlers={};
if (typeof merge=='undefined') { function merge(dst,src,preserveExisting) { for(var i in src) { if(!preserveExisting || dst[i] === undefined) dst[i] = src[i]; } return dst; }
}
if (config.browser.isGecko===undefined) config.browser.isGecko=(config.userAgent.indexOf('gecko')!=-1);
//}}}
//{{{
merge(config.macros.importTiddlers,{ $: function(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }, // abbreviation label: 'import tiddlers', prompt: 'Copy tiddlers from another document', openMsg: 'Opening %0', openErrMsg: 'Could not open %0 - error=%1', readMsg: 'Read %0 bytes from %1', foundMsg: 'Found %0 tiddlers in %1', filterMsg: "Filtered %0 tiddlers matching '%1'", summaryMsg: '%0 tiddler%1 in the list', summaryFilteredMsg: '%0 of %1 tiddler%2 in the list', plural: 's are', single: ' is', countMsg: '%0 tiddlers selected for import', processedMsg: 'Processed %0 tiddlers', importedMsg: 'Imported %0 of %1 tiddlers from %2', loadText: 'please load a document...', closeText: 'close', doneText: 'done', startText: 'import', stopText: 'stop', local: true, // default to import from local file src: '', // path/filename or URL of document to import (retrieved from SiteUrl) proxy: '', // URL for remote proxy script (retrieved from SiteProxy) useProxy: false, // use specific proxy script in front of remote URL inbound: null, // hash-indexed array of tiddlers from other document newTags: '', // text of tags added to imported tiddlers addTags: true, // add new tags to imported tiddlers listsize: 10, // # of lines to show in imported tiddler list importTags: true, // include tags from remote source document when importing a tiddler keepTags: true, // retain existing tags when replacing a tiddler sync: false, // add 'server' fields to imported tiddlers (for sync function) lastFilter: '', // most recent filter (URL hash) applied lastAction: null, // most recent collision button performed index: 0, // current processing index in import list sort: '' // sort order for imported tiddler listbox
});
//}}}
//{{{
// hijack core macro handler
if (config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler==undefined) config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler=config.macros.importTiddlers.handler;
config.macros.importTiddlers.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { if (!params[0] || params[0].toLowerCase()=='core') { // default to built in if (config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler) config.macros.importTiddlers.coreHandler.apply(this,arguments); else createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,onClickImportMenu); } else if (params[0]=='link') { // show link to floating panel createTiddlyButton(place,params[1]||this.label,params[2]||this.prompt,onClickImportMenu); } else if (params[0]=='inline') {// show panel as INLINE tiddler content createImportPanel(place); this.$('importPanel').style.position='static'; this.$('importPanel').style.display='block'; } else if (config.macros.loadTiddlers) config.macros.loadTiddlers.handler(place,macroName,params); // any other params: loadtiddlers
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Handle link click to create/show/hide control panel
function onClickImportMenu(e) { var e=e||window.event; var parent=resolveTarget(e).parentNode; var panel=document.getElementById('importPanel'); if (panel==undefined || panel.parentNode!=parent) panel=createImportPanel(parent); var isOpen=panel.style.display=='block'; if(config.options.chkAnimate) anim.startAnimating(new Slider(panel,!isOpen,false,'none')); else panel.style.display=isOpen?'none':'block'; e.cancelBubble = true; if (e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation(); return(false);
}
//}}}
//{{{
// Create control panel: HTML, CSS
function createImportPanel(place) { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbrev var panel=cmi.$('importPanel'); if (panel) { panel.parentNode.removeChild(panel); } setStylesheet(store.getTiddlerText('ImportTiddlersPlugin##css'),'importTiddlers'); panel=createTiddlyElement(place,'span','importPanel',null,null) panel.innerHTML=store.getTiddlerText('ImportTiddlersPlugin##html'); refreshImportList(); if (!cmi.src.length) cmi.src=store.getTiddlerText('SiteUrl')||''; cmi.$('importSourceURL').value=cmi.src; if (!cmi.proxy.length) cmi.proxy=store.getTiddlerText('SiteProxy')||'SiteProxy'; cmi.$('importSiteProxy').value=cmi.proxy; if (window.Components) { // FF3 FIXUP cmi.$('fileImportSource').style.display='none'; cmi.$('importLocalPanelFix').style.display='block'; } cmi.$('chkSync').checked=cmi.sync; cmi.$('chkImportTags').checked=cmi.importTags; cmi.$('chkKeepTags').checked=cmi.keepTags; cmi.$('chkAddTags').checked=cmi.addTags; cmi.$('txtNewTags').value=cmi.newTags; cmi.$('txtNewTags').style.display=cmi.addTags?'block':'none'; cmi.$('chkSync').checked=cmi.sync; cmi.$('chkImportReport').checked=config.options.chkImportReport; return panel;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// process control interactions
function onClickImportButton(which,event) { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbreviation var list=cmi.$('importList'); if (!list) return false; var thePanel=cmi.$('importPanel'); var theCollisionPanel=cmi.$('importCollisionPanel'); var theNewTitle=cmi.$('importNewTitle'); var count=0; switch (which.id) { case 'importFromFile': // show local panel case 'importFromWeb': // show HTTP panel cmi.local=(which.id=='importFromFile'); cmi.showPanel('importLocalPanel',cmi.local); cmi.showPanel('importHTTPPanel',!cmi.local); break; case 'importOptions': // show/hide options panel cmi.showPanel('importOptionsPanel',cmi.$('importOptionsPanel').style.display=='none'); break; case 'fileImportSource': case 'importLoad': // load import source into hidden frame importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report cmi.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox if (cmi.src=='') break; // Load document, read it's DOM and fill the list cmi.loadRemoteFile(cmi.src,cmi.filterTiddlerList); break; case 'importSelectFeed': // select a pre-defined systemServer feed URL var p=Popup.create(which); if (!p) return false; var tids=store.getTaggedTiddlers('systemServer'); if (!tids.length) createTiddlyText(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),'no pre-defined server feeds'); for (var t=0; t<tids.length; t++) { var u=store.getTiddlerSlice(tids[t].title,'URL'); var d=store.getTiddlerSlice(tids[t].title,'Description'); if (!d||!d.length) d=store.getTiddlerSlice(tids[t].title,'description'); if (!d||!d.length) d=u; createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(p,'li'),tids[t].title,d, function(){ var u=this.getAttribute('url'); document.getElementById('importSourceURL').value=u; config.macros.importTiddlers.src=u; document.getElementById('importLoad').onclick(); }, null,null,null,{url:u}); } Popup.show(); event.cancelBubble = true; if (event.stopPropagation) event.stopPropagation(); return false; // create popup with feed list // onselect, insert feed URL into input field. break; case 'importSelectAll': // select all tiddler list items (i.e., not headings) importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report for (var t=0,count=0; t < list.options.length; t++) { if (list.options[t].value=='') continue; list.options[t].selected=true; count++; } clearMessage(); displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([count])); cmi.$('importStart').disabled=!count; break; case 'importSelectNew': // select tiddlers not in current document importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report for (var t=0,count=0; t < list.options.length; t++) { list.options[t].selected=false; if (list.options[t].value=='') continue; list.options[t].selected=!store.tiddlerExists(list.options[t].value); count+=list.options[t].selected?1:0; } clearMessage(); displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([count])); cmi.$('importStart').disabled=!count; break; case 'importSelectChanges': // select tiddlers that are updated from existing tiddlers importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report for (var t=0,count=0; t < list.options.length; t++) { list.options[t].selected=false; if (list.options[t].value==''||!store.tiddlerExists(list.options[t].value)) continue; for (var i=0; i<cmi.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler { var inbound=cmi.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==list.options[t].value) break; } list.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(list.options[t].value).modified>0); // updated tiddler count+=list.options[t].selected?1:0; } clearMessage(); displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([count])); cmi.$('importStart').disabled=!count; break; case 'importSelectDifferences': // select tiddlers that are new or different from existing tiddlers importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report for (var t=0,count=0; t < list.options.length; t++) { list.options[t].selected=false; if (list.options[t].value=='') continue; if (!store.tiddlerExists(list.options[t].value)) { list.options[t].selected=true; count++; continue; } for (var i=0; i<cmi.inbound.length; i++) // find matching inbound tiddler { var inbound=cmi.inbound[i]; if (inbound.title==list.options[t].value) break; } list.options[t].selected=(inbound.modified-store.getTiddler(list.options[t].value).modified!=0); // changed tiddler count+=list.options[t].selected?1:0; } clearMessage(); displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([count])); cmi.$('importStart').disabled=!count; break; case 'importApplyFilter': // filter list to include only matching tiddlers importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report clearMessage(); if (!cmi.all) // no tiddlers loaded = '0 selected' { displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([0])); return false; } var hash=cmi.$('importLastFilter').value; cmi.inbound=cmi.filterByHash('#'+hash,cmi.all); refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox break; case 'importStart': // initiate the import processing importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report cmi.$('importApplyToAll').checked=false; cmi.$('importStart').value=cmi.stopText; if (cmi.index>0) cmi.index=-1; // stop processing else cmi.index=importTiddlers(0); // or begin processing importStopped(); break; case 'importClose': // unload imported tiddlers or hide the import control panel // if imported tiddlers not loaded, close the import control panel if (!cmi.inbound) { thePanel.style.display='none'; break; } importReport(); // if an import was in progress, generate a report cmi.inbound=null; // clear the imported tiddler buffer refreshImportList(); // reset/resize the listbox break; case 'importSkip': // don't import the tiddler cmi.lastAction=which; var theItem = list.options[cmi.index]; for (var j=0;j<cmi.inbound.length;j++) if (cmi.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break; var theImported = cmi.inbound[j]; theImported.status='skipped after asking'; // mark item as skipped theCollisionPanel.style.display='none'; cmi.index=importTiddlers(cmi.index+1); // resume with NEXT item importStopped(); break; case 'importRename': // change name of imported tiddler cmi.lastAction=which; var theItem = list.options[cmi.index]; for (var j=0;j<cmi.inbound.length;j++) if (cmi.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break; var theImported = cmi.inbound[j]; theImported.status = 'renamed from '+theImported.title; // mark item as renamed theImported.set(theNewTitle.value,null,null,null,null); // change the tiddler title theItem.value = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text theItem.text = theNewTitle.value; // change the listbox item text theCollisionPanel.style.display='none'; cmi.index=importTiddlers(cmi.index); // resume with THIS item importStopped(); break; case 'importMerge': // join existing and imported tiddler content cmi.lastAction=which; var theItem = list.options[cmi.index]; for (var j=0;j<cmi.inbound.length;j++) if (cmi.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break; var theImported = cmi.inbound[j]; var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value); var theText = theExisting.text+'\n----\n^^merged from: '; theText +='[['+cmi.src+'#'+theItem.value+'|'+cmi.src+'#'+theItem.value+']]^^\n'; theText +='^^'+theImported.modified.toLocaleString()+' by '+theImported.modifier+'^^\n'+theImported.text; var theDate = new Date(); var theTags = theExisting.getTags()+' '+theImported.getTags(); theImported.set(null,theText,null,theDate,theTags); theImported.status = 'merged with '+theExisting.title; // mark item as merged theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString('MM/DD/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss'); theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier; theCollisionPanel.style.display='none'; cmi.index=importTiddlers(cmi.index); // resume with this item importStopped(); break; case 'importReplace': // substitute imported tiddler for existing tiddler cmi.lastAction=which; var theItem = list.options[cmi.index]; for (var j=0;j<cmi.inbound.length;j++) if (cmi.inbound[j].title==theItem.value) break; var theImported = cmi.inbound[j]; var theExisting = store.getTiddler(theItem.value); theImported.status = 'replaces '+theExisting.title; // mark item for replace theImported.status += ' - '+theExisting.modified.formatString('MM/DD/YYYY 0hh:0mm:0ss'); theImported.status += ' by '+theExisting.modifier; theCollisionPanel.style.display='none'; cmi.index=importTiddlers(cmi.index); // resume with THIS item importStopped(); break; case 'importListSmaller': // decrease current listbox size, minimum=5 if (list.options.length==1) break; list.size-=(list.size>5)?1:0; cmi.listsize=list.size; break; case 'importListLarger': // increase current listbox size, maximum=number of items in list if (list.options.length==1) break; list.size+=(list.size<list.options.length)?1:0; cmi.listsize=list.size; break; case 'importListMaximize': // toggle listbox size between current and maximum if (list.options.length==1) break; list.size=(list.size==list.options.length)?cmi.listsize:list.options.length; break; }
}
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.importTiddlers.showPanel=function(place,show,skipAnim) { if (typeof place=='string') var place=document.getElementById(place); if (!place||!place.style) return; if(!skipAnim && anim && config.options.chkAnimate) anim.startAnimating(new Slider(place,show,false,'none')); else place.style.display=show?'block':'none';
}
//}}}
//{{{
function refreshImportList(selectedIndex) { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbrev var list=cmi.$('importList'); if (!list) return; // if nothing to show, reset list content and size if (!cmi.inbound) { while (list.length > 0) { list.options[0] = null; } list.options[0]=new Option(cmi.loadText,'',false,false); list.size=cmi.listsize; cmi.$('importLoad').disabled=false; cmi.$('importLoad').style.display='inline'; cmi.$('importStart').disabled=true; cmi.$('importOptions').disabled=true; cmi.$('importOptions').style.display='none'; cmi.$('fileImportSource').disabled=false; cmi.$('importFromFile').disabled=false; cmi.$('importFromWeb').disabled=false; cmi.$('importStart').value=cmi.startText; cmi.$('importClose').value=cmi.doneText; cmi.$('importSelectPanel').style.display='none'; cmi.$('importOptionsPanel').style.display='none'; return; } // there are inbound tiddlers loaded... cmi.$('importLoad').disabled=true; cmi.$('importLoad').style.display='none'; cmi.$('importOptions').style.display='inline'; cmi.$('importOptions').disabled=false; cmi.$('fileImportSource').disabled=true; cmi.$('importFromFile').disabled=true; cmi.$('importFromWeb').disabled=true; cmi.$('importClose').value=cmi.closeText; if (cmi.$('importSelectPanel').style.display=='none') cmi.showPanel('importSelectPanel',true); // get the sort order if (!selectedIndex) selectedIndex=0; if (selectedIndex==0) cmi.sort='title'; // heading if (selectedIndex==1) cmi.sort='title'; if (selectedIndex==2) cmi.sort='modified'; if (selectedIndex==3) cmi.sort='tags'; if (selectedIndex>3) { // display selected tiddler count for (var t=0,count=0; t < list.options.length; t++) { if (!list.options[t].selected) continue; if (list.options[t].value!='') count+=1; else { // if heading is selected, deselect it, and then select and count all in section list.options[t].selected=false; for ( t++; t<list.options.length && list.options[t].value!=''; t++) { list.options[t].selected=true; count++; } } } clearMessage(); displayMessage(cmi.countMsg.format([count])); } cmi.$('importStart').disabled=!count; if (selectedIndex>3) return; // no refresh needed // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers var tiddlers=cmi.inbound; tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['title'] == b['title']) return(0); else return (a['title'] < b['title']) ? -1 : +1; }); // clear current list contents while (list.length > 0) { list.options[0] = null; } // add heading and control items to list var i=0; var indent=String.fromCharCode(160)+String.fromCharCode(160); if (cmi.all.length==tiddlers.length) var summary=cmi.summaryMsg.format([tiddlers.length,(tiddlers.length!=1)?cmi.plural:cmi.single]); else var summary=cmi.summaryFilteredMsg.format([tiddlers.length,cmi.all.length,(cmi.all.length!=1)?cmi.plural:cmi.single]); list.options[i++]=new Option(summary,'',false,false); list.options[i++]=new Option(((cmi.sort=='title' )?'>':indent)+' [by title]','',false,false); list.options[i++]=new Option(((cmi.sort=='modified')?'>':indent)+' [by date]','',false,false); list.options[i++]=new Option(((cmi.sort=='tags')?'>':indent)+' [by tags]','',false,false); // output the tiddler list switch(cmi.sort) { case 'title': for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) list.options[i++] = new Option(tiddlers[t].title,tiddlers[t].title,false,false); break; case 'modified': // sort descending for newest date first tiddlers.sort(function (a,b) {if(a['modified'] == b['modified']) return(0); else return (a['modified'] > b['modified']) ? -1 : +1; }); var lastSection = ''; for(var t = 0; t < tiddlers.length; t++) { var tiddler = tiddlers[t]; var theSection = tiddler.modified.toLocaleDateString(); if (theSection != lastSection) { list.options[i++] = new Option(theSection,'',false,false); lastSection = theSection; } list.options[i++] = new Option(indent+indent+tiddler.title,tiddler.title,false,false); } break; case 'tags': var theTitles = {}; // all tiddler titles, hash indexed by tag value var theTags = new Array(); for(var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) { var title=tiddlers[t].title; var tags=tiddlers[t].tags; if (!tags || !tags.length) { if (theTitles['untagged']==undefined) { theTags.push('untagged'); theTitles['untagged']=new Array(); } theTitles['untagged'].push(title); } else for(var s=0; s<tags.length; s++) { if (theTitles[tags[s]]==undefined) { theTags.push(tags[s]); theTitles[tags[s]]=new Array(); } theTitles[tags[s]].push(title); } } theTags.sort(); for(var tagindex=0; tagindex<theTags.length; tagindex++) { var theTag=theTags[tagindex]; list.options[i++]=new Option(theTag,'',false,false); for(var t=0; t<theTitles[theTag].length; t++) list.options[i++]=new Option(indent+indent+theTitles[theTag][t],theTitles[theTag][t],false,false); } break; } list.selectedIndex=selectedIndex; // select current control item if (list.size<cmi.listsize) list.size=cmi.listsize; if (list.size>list.options.length) list.size=list.options.length;
}
//}}}
//{{{
// re-entrant processing for handling import with interactive collision prompting
function importTiddlers(startIndex) { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbrev if (!cmi.inbound) return -1; var list=cmi.$('importList'); if (!list) return; var t; // if starting new import, reset import status flags if (startIndex==0) for (var t=0;t<cmi.inbound.length;t++) cmi.inbound[t].status=''; for (var i=startIndex; i<list.options.length; i++) { // if list item is not selected or is a heading (i.e., has no value), skip it if ((!list.options[i].selected) || ((t=list.options[i].value)=='')) continue; for (var j=0;j<cmi.inbound.length;j++) if (cmi.inbound[j].title==t) break; var inbound = cmi.inbound[j]; var theExisting = store.getTiddler(inbound.title); // avoid redundant import for tiddlers that are listed multiple times (when 'by tags') if (inbound.status=='added') continue; // don't import the 'ImportedTiddlers' history from the other document... if (inbound.title=='ImportedTiddlers') continue; // if tiddler exists and import not marked for replace or merge, stop importing if (theExisting && (inbound.status.substr(0,7)!='replace') && (inbound.status.substr(0,5)!='merge')) return i; // assemble tags (remote + existing + added) var newTags = ''; if (cmi.importTags) newTags+=inbound.getTags() // import remote tags if (cmi.keepTags && theExisting) newTags+=' '+theExisting.getTags(); // keep existing tags if (cmi.addTags && cmi.newTags.trim().length) newTags+=' '+cmi.newTags; // add new tags inbound.set(null,null,null,null,newTags.trim()); // set the status to 'added' (if not already set by the 'ask the user' UI) inbound.status=(inbound.status=='')?'added':inbound.status; // set sync fields if (cmi.sync) { if (!inbound.fields) inbound.fields={}; // for TW2.1.x backward-compatibility inbound.fields['server.page.revision']=inbound.modified.convertToYYYYMMDDHHMM(); inbound.fields['server.type']='file'; inbound.fields['server.host']=(cmi.local&&!cmi.src.startsWith('file:')?'file:///':'')+cmi.src; } // do the import! store.suspendNotifications(); store.saveTiddler(inbound.title, inbound.title, inbound.text, inbound.modifier, inbound.modified, inbound.tags, inbound.fields, true, inbound.created); store.fetchTiddler(inbound.title).created = inbound.created; // force creation date to imported value (needed for TW2.1.x and earlier) store.resumeNotifications(); } return(-1); // signals that we really finished the entire list
}
function importStopped() { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbrev var list=cmi.$('importList'); if (!list) return; var theNewTitle=cmi.$('importNewTitle'); if (cmi.index==-1){ cmi.$('importStart').value=cmi.startText; importReport(); // import finished... generate the report } else { // import collision... // show the collision panel and set the title edit field cmi.$('importStart').value=cmi.stopText; cmi.showPanel('importCollisionPanel',true); theNewTitle.value=list.options[cmi.index].value; if (cmi.$('importApplyToAll').checked && cmi.lastAction && cmi.lastAction.id!='importRename') onClickImportButton(cmi.lastAction); }
}
//}}}
//{{{
function importReport() { var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbrev if (!cmi.inbound) return; // if import was not completed, the collision panel will still be open... close it now. var panel=cmi.$('importCollisionPanel'); if (panel) panel.style.display='none'; // get the alphasorted list of tiddlers var tiddlers = cmi.inbound; // gather the statistics var count=0; var total=0; for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) { if (!tiddlers[t].status || !tiddlers[t].status.trim().length) continue; if (tiddlers[t].status.substr(0,7)!='skipped') count++; total++; } // generate a report if (total) displayMessage(cmi.processedMsg.format([total])); if (count && config.options.chkImportReport) { // get/create the report tiddler var theReport = store.getTiddler('ImportedTiddlers'); if (!theReport) { theReport=new Tiddler(); theReport.title='ImportedTiddlers'; theReport.text=''; } // format the report content var now = new Date(); var newText = 'On '+now.toLocaleString()+', '+config.options.txtUserName newText +=' imported '+count+' tiddler'+(count==1?'':'s')+' from\n[['+cmi.src+'|'+cmi.src+']]:\n'; if (cmi.addTags && cmi.newTags.trim().length) newText += 'imported tiddlers were tagged with: "'+cmi.newTags+'"\n'; newText += '<<<\n'; for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tiddlers[t].status) newText += '#[['+tiddlers[t].title+']] - '+tiddlers[t].status+'\n'; newText += '<<<\n'; // update the ImportedTiddlers content and show the tiddler theReport.text = newText+((theReport.text!='')?'\n----\n':'')+theReport.text; theReport.modifier = config.options.txtUserName; theReport.modified = new Date(); store.saveTiddler(theReport.title, theReport.title, theReport.text, theReport.modifier, theReport.modified, theReport.tags, theReport.fields); story.displayTiddler(null,theReport.title,1,null,null,false); story.refreshTiddler(theReport.title,1,true); } // reset status flags for (var t=0; t<cmi.inbound.length; t++) cmi.inbound[t].status=''; // mark document as dirty and let display update as needed if (count) { store.setDirty(true); store.notifyAll(); } // always show final message when tiddlers were actually loaded if (count) displayMessage(cmi.importedMsg.format([count,tiddlers.length,cmi.src.replace(/%20/g,' ')]));
}
//}}}
//{{{
// // File and XMLHttpRequest I/O
config.macros.importTiddlers.askForFilename=function(here) { var msg=here.title; // use tooltip as dialog box message var path=getLocalPath(document.location.href); var slashpos=path.lastIndexOf('/'); if (slashpos==-1) slashpos=path.lastIndexOf('\\'); if (slashpos!=-1) path = path.substr(0,slashpos+1); // remove filename from path, leave the trailing slash var file=''; var result=''; if(window.Components) { // moz try { netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege('UniversalXPConnect'); var nsIFilePicker = window.Components.interfaces.nsIFilePicker; var picker = Components.classes['@(nsIFilePicker); picker.init(window, msg, nsIFilePicker.modeOpen); var thispath = Components.classes['@(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile); thispath.initWithPath(path); picker.displayDirectory=thispath; picker.defaultExtension='html'; picker.defaultString=file; picker.appendFilters(nsIFilePicker.filterAll|nsIFilePicker.filterText|nsIFilePicker.filterHTML); if (picker.show()!=nsIFilePicker.returnCancel) var result=picker.file.path; } catch(e) { alert('error during local file access: '+e.toString()) } } else { // IE try { // XPSP2 IE only var s = new ActiveXObject('UserAccounts.CommonDialog'); s.Filter='All files|*.*|Text files|*.txt|HTML files|*.htm;*.html|'; s.FilterIndex=3; // default to HTML files; s.InitialDir=path; s.FileName=file; if (s.showOpen()) var result=s.FileName; } catch(e) { // fallback var result=prompt(msg,path+file); } } return result;
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.loadRemoteFile = function(src,callback) { if (src==undefined || !src.length) return null; // filename is required var original=src; // URL as specified var hashpos=src.indexOf('#'); if (hashpos!=-1) src=src.substr(0,hashpos); // URL with #... suffix removed (needed for IE) clearMessage(); displayMessage(this.openMsg.format([src.replace(/%20/g,' ')])); if (src.substr(0,5)!='http:' && src.substr(0,5)!='file:') { // if not a URL, read from local filesystem var txt=loadFile(src); if (!txt) { // file didn't load, might be relative path.. try fixup var pathPrefix=document.location.href; // get current document path and trim off filename var slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf('/'); if (slashpos==-1) slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf('\\'); if (slashpos!=-1 && slashpos!=pathPrefix.length-1) pathPrefix=pathPrefix.substr(0,slashpos+1); src=pathPrefix+src; if (pathPrefix.substr(0,5)!='http:') src=getLocalPath(src); var txt=loadFile(src); } if (!txt) { // file still didn't load, report error displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src.replace(/%20/g,' '),'(filesystem error)'])); } else { displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.readMsg.format([txt.length,src.replace(/%20/g,' ')])); if (version.major+version.minor*.1+version.revision*.01!=2.52) txt=convertUTF8ToUnicode(txt); if (callback) callback(true,original,txt,src,null); } } else { doHttp('GET',src,null,null,config.options.txtRemoteUsername,config.options.txtRemotePassword,callback,original,null); }
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.readTiddlersFromHTML=function(html){ var remoteStore=new TiddlyWiki(); remoteStore.importTiddlyWiki(html); return remoteStore.getTiddlers('title');
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.readTiddlersFromCSV=function(CSV){ var remoteStore=new TiddlyWiki(); // GET NAMES var lines=CSV.replace(/\r/g,'').split('\n'); var names=lines.shift().replace(/"/g,'').split(','); CSV=lines.join('\n'); // ENCODE commas and newlines within quoted values var comma='!~comma~!'; var commaRE=new RegExp(comma,'g'); var newline='!~newline~!'; var newlineRE=new RegExp(newline,'g'); CSV=CSV.replace(/"([^"]*?)"/g, function(x){ return x.replace(/\,/g,comma).replace(/\n/g,newline); }); // PARSE lines var lines=CSV.split('\n'); for (var i=0; i<lines.length; i++) { if (!lines[i].length) continue; var values=lines[i].split(','); // DECODE commas, newlines, and doubled-quotes, and remove enclosing quotes (if any) for (var v=0; v<values.length; v++) values[v]=values[v].replace(commaRE,',').replace(newlineRE,'\n') .replace(/^"|"$/g,'').replace(/""/g,'"'); // EXTRACT tiddler values var title=''; var text=''; var tags=[]; var fields={}; var created=null; var when=new Date(); var who=config.options.txtUserName; for (var v=0; v<values.length; v++) { var val=values[v]; if (names[v]) switch(names[v].toLowerCase()) { case 'title': title=val.replace(/\[\]\|/g,'_'); break; case 'created': created=new Date(val); break; case 'modified':when=new Date(val); break; case 'modifier':who=val; break; case 'text': text=val; break; case 'tags': tags=val.readBracketedList(); break; default: fields[names[v].toLowerCase()]=val; break; } } // CREATE tiddler in temporary store if (title.length) remoteStore.saveTiddler(title,title,text,who,when,tags,fields,true,created||when); } return remoteStore.getTiddlers('title');
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.createTiddlerFromFile=function(src,txt) { var t=new Tiddler(); var pos=src.lastIndexOf("/"); if (pos==-1) pos=src.lastIndexOf("\\"); t.title=pos==-1?src:src.substr(pos+1); t.text=txt; t.created=t.modified=new Date(); t.modifier=config.options.txtUserName; if (src.substr(src.length-3,3)=='.js') t.tags=['systemConfig']; return [t];
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.filterTiddlerList=function(success,params,txt,src,xhr){ var cmi=config.macros.importTiddlers; // abbreviation var src=src.replace(/%20/g,' '); if (!success) { displayMessage(cmi.openErrMsg.format([src,xhr.status])); return; } cmi.all=cmi.readTiddlersFromHTML(txt); if (!cmi.all||!cmi.all.length) cmi.all=cmi.readTiddlersFromCSV(txt) if (!cmi.all||!cmi.all.length) cmi.all=cmi.createTiddlerFromFile(src,txt) var count=cmi.all?cmi.all.length:0; var querypos=src.lastIndexOf('?'); if (querypos!=-1) src=src.substr(0,querypos); displayMessage(cmi.foundMsg.format([count,src])); cmi.inbound=cmi.filterByHash(params,cmi.all); // use full URL including hash (if any) cmi.$('importLastFilter').value=cmi.lastFilter; window.refreshImportList(0);
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.filterByHash=function(src,tiddlers){ var hashpos=src.lastIndexOf('#'); if (hashpos==-1) return tiddlers; var hash=src.substr(hashpos+1); if (!hash.length) return tiddlers; var tids=[]; var params=hash.parseParams('anon',null,true,false,false); for (var p=1; p<params.length; p++) { switch (params[p].name) { case 'anon': case 'open': tids.pushUnique(params[p].value); break; case 'tag': if (store.getMatchingTiddlers) { // for boolean expressions - see MatchTagsPlugin var r=store.getMatchingTiddlers(params[p].value,null,tiddlers); for (var t=0; t<r.length; t++) tids.pushUnique(r[t].title); } else for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tiddlers[t].isTagged(params[p].value)) tids.pushUnique(tiddlers[t].title); break; case 'story': for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tiddlers[t].title==params[p].value) { tiddlers[t].changed(); for (var s=0; s<tiddlers[t].links.length; s++) tids.pushUnique(tiddlers[t].links[s]); break; } break; case 'search': for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tiddlers[t].text.indexOf(params[p].value)!=-1) tids.pushUnique(tiddlers[t].title); break; } } var matches=[]; for (var t=0; t<tiddlers.length; t++) if (tids.contains(tiddlers[t].title)) matches.push(tiddlers[t]); displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.filterMsg.format([matches.length,hash])); config.macros.importTiddlers.lastFilter=hash; return matches;
}
//}}}
/***
!!!Control panel CSS
//{{{
!css
#importPanel { display: none; position:absolute; z-index:11; width:35em; right:105%; top:3em; background-color: #eee; color:#000; font-size: 8pt; line-height:110%; border:1px solid black; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-right-width: 3px; padding: 0.5em; margin:0em; -moz-border-radius:1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;
}
#importPanel a, #importPanel td a { color:#009; display:inline; margin:0px; padding:1px; }
#importPanel table { width:100%; border:0px; padding:0px; margin:0px; font-size:8pt; line-height:110%; background:transparent; }
#importPanel tr { border:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px; background:transparent; }
#importPanel td { color:#000; border:0px;padding:0px;margin:0px; background:transparent; }
#importPanel select { width:100%;margin:0px;font-size:8pt;line-height:110%;}
#importPanel input { width:98%;padding:0px;margin:0px;font-size:8pt;line-height:110%}
#importPanel .box { border:1px solid #000; background-color:#eee; padding:3px 5px; margin-bottom:5px; -moz-border-radius:5px;-webkit-border-radius:5px;}
#importPanel .topline { border-top:1px solid #999; padding-top:2px; margin-top:2px; }
#importPanel .rad { width:auto; }
#importPanel .chk { width:auto; margin:1px;border:0; }
#importPanel .btn { width:auto; }
#importPanel .btn1 { width:98%; }
#importPanel .btn2 { width:48%; }
#importPanel .btn3 { width:32%; }
#importPanel .btn4 { width:23%; }
#importPanel .btn5 { width:19%; }
#importPanel .importButton { padding: 0em; margin: 0px; font-size:8pt; }
#importPanel .importListButton { padding:0em 0.25em 0em 0.25em; color: #000000; display:inline }
#backstagePanel #importPanel { left:10%; right:auto; }
!end
//}}}
!!!Control panel HTML
//{{{
!html
<!-- source and report -->
<table><tr><td align=left> import from <input type="radio" name="importFrom" value="file" CHECKED onclick="onClickImportButton(this,event)" title="show file controls"> local file <input type="radio" name="importFrom" value="http" onclick="onClickImportButton(this,event)" title="show web controls"> web server
</td><td align=right> <input type=checkbox onClick="config.options['chkImportReport']=this.checked;"> create report
</td></tr></table>
<div>
<div><!-- import from local file -->
enter or browse for source path/filename<br>
<input type="file" size=57 onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value" onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;document.getElementById('importLoad').onclick()">
<div><!-- FF3 FIXUP --> <input type="text" title="Enter a path/file to import" onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value" onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;document.getElementById('importLoad').onclick()"> <input type="button" value="..." title="Select a path/file to import" onClick="var r=config.macros.importTiddlers.askForFilename(this); if (!r||!r.length) return; document.getElementById('fileImportSourceFix').value=r; config.macros.importTiddlers.src=r; document.getElementById('importLoad').onclick()">
</div><!--end FF3 FIXUP-->
</div><!--end local-->
<div><!-- import from http server -->
<table><tr><td align=left> enter a URL or <a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this,event)" title="select a pre-defined 'systemServer' URL"> select a server</a><br>
</td><td align=right> <input type="checkbox" onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.usePassword=this.checked; config.macros.importTiddlers.showPanel('importIDPWPanel',this.checked,true);">password <input type="checkbox" onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.useProxy=this.checked; config.macros.importTiddlers.showPanel('importSiteProxy',this.checked,true);">proxy
</td></tr></table>
<input type="text" onfocus="this.select()" value="SiteProxy" onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.proxy=this.value" onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.proxy=this.value;">
<input type="text" onfocus="this.select()" value="SiteUrl" onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value" onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.src=this.value;">
<div;>
username: <input type=text onChange="config.options.txtRemoteUsername=this.value;"> password: <input type=password onChange="config.options.txtRemotePassword=this.value;">
</div><!--end idpw-->
</div><!--end http-->
</div><!--end source-->
<div>
<table><tr><td align=left>
select:
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="SELECT all tiddlers"> all</a>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="SELECT tiddlers not already in destination document"> added</a>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="SELECT tiddlers that have been updated in source document"> changes</a>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="SELECT tiddlers that have been added or are different from existing tiddlers"> differences</a>
</td><td align=right>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="SHRINK list size"> – </a>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="GROW list size"> + </a>
<a href="javascript:;" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)" title="MAXIMIZE/RESTORE list size"> = </a>
</td></tr></table>
<select size=8 multiple onchange="setTimeout('refreshImportList('+this.selectedIndex+')',1)"> <!-- NOTE: delay refresh so list is updated AFTER onchange event is handled -->
</select>
<div> <a href="javascript:;" title="click for help using filters..." onclick="alert('A filter consists of one or more space-separated combinations of: tiddlertitle, tag:[[tagvalue]], tag:[[tag expression]] (requires MatchTagsPlugin), story:[[TiddlerName]], and/or search:[[searchtext]]. Use a blank filter to restore the list of all tiddlers.'); return false;" >filter</a> <input type="text" title="Enter a combination of one or more filters. Use a blank filter for all tiddlers." onfocus="this.select()" value="" onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.lastFilter=this.value" onChange="config.macros.importTiddlers.lastFilter=this.value;"> <input type="button" value="apply" title="filter list of tiddlers to include only those that match certain criteria" onclick="return onClickImportButton(this)"> </div>
</div><!--end select-->
<div> apply tags: <input type=checkbox checked onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.importTags=this.checked;">from source <input type=checkbox checked onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.keepTags=this.checked;">keep existing <input type=checkbox onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.addTags=this.checked; config.macros.importTiddlers.showPanel('txtNewTags',this.checked,false); if (this.checked) document.getElementById('txtNewTags').focus();">add tags<br> <input type=text size=15 onfocus="this.select()" title="enter tags to be added to imported tiddlers" onKeyUp="config.macros.importTiddlers.newTags=this.value; document.getElementById('chkAddTags').checked=this.value.length>0;" autocomplete=off> <nobr><input type=checkbox onClick="config.macros.importTiddlers.sync=this.checked;"> link tiddlers to source document (for sync later)</nobr>
</div><!--end options-->
<div> <input type=button value="open" title="load listbox with tiddlers from source document" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"> <input type=button value="options..." title="set options for tags, sync, etc." onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"> <input type=button value="import" title="start/stop import of selected source tiddlers into current document" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"> <input type=button value="done" title="clear listbox or hide control panel" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)">
</div>
<div> <table><tr><td align="left"> <table><tr><td align=left> tiddler already exists: </td><td align=right> <input type=checkbox onclick="document.getElementById('importRename').disabled=this.checked;" checked>apply to all </td></tr></table> <input type=text size=15 autocomplete=off"> </td><td align="center"> <input type=button value="merge" title="append the incoming tiddler to the existing tiddler" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"><!-- --><input type=button value="skip" title="do not import this tiddler" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"><!-- --><br><input type=button value="rename" title="rename the incoming tiddler" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"><!-- --><input type=button value="replace" title="discard the existing tiddler" onclick="onClickImportButton(this)"> </td></tr></table>
</div><!--end collision-->
!end
//}}}
***//***
|Name|ImportTiddlersPluginInfo|
|Source|
|Documentation|
|Version|4.3.3|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License| <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|documentation|
|Requires||
|Overrides||
|Description|documentation for ImportTiddlersPlugin|
This plugin lets you selectively combine tiddlers from any two TiddlyWiki documents. An interactive control panel lets you pick a document to import from, and then select which tiddlers to import, with prompting for skip, rename, merge or replace actions when importing tiddlers that match existing titles. Automatically add tags to imported tiddlers so they are easy to find later on. Generates a detailed report of import 'history' in ImportedTiddlers.
!!!!!Usage
<<<
{{{<<importTiddlers>>}}} or {{{<<importTiddlers core>>}}}
invokes the built-in importTiddlers macro (TW2.1.x+). If installed in documents using TW2.0.x or earlier, fallback is to use 'link' display (see below)
{{{<<importTiddlers link label tooltip>>}}}
The ''link'' keyword creates an "import tiddlers" link that when clicked to show/hide import control panel. ''label'' and ''tooltip'' are optional text parameters (enclosed in quotes or {{{[[...]]}}}, and allow you to override the default display text for the link and the mouseover help text, respectively.
{{{<<importTiddlers inline>>}}}
creates import control panel directly in tiddler content
<<importTiddlers inline>>
Press ''[browse]'' to select a TiddlyWiki document file to import, and then press ''[open]''. Alternatively, you can type in the path/filename or a remote document URL (starting with http://). When you have entered the desired source location, press ''[load]'' to retrieve the tiddlers from the remote source. //Note: There may be some delay to permit the browser time to access and load the document before updating the listbox with the titles of all tiddlers that are available to be imported.//
Select one or more titles from the listbox (hold CTRL or SHIFT while clicking to add/remove the highlight from individual list items). You can press ''[select all]'' to quickly highlight all tiddler titles in the list. Use the ''[-]'', ''[+]'', or ''[=]'' links to adjust the listbox size so you can view more (or less) tiddler titles at one time. When you have chosen the tiddlers you want to import and entered any extra tags, press ''[import]'' to begin copying them to the current TiddlyWiki document.
''select: all, new, changes, or differences''
You can click on ''all'', ''new'', ''changes'', or ''differences'' to automatically select a subset of tiddlers from the list. This makes it very quick and easy to find and import just the updated tiddlers you are interested in:
>''"all"'' selects ALL tiddlers from the import source document, even if they have not been changed.
>''"new"'' selects only tiddlers that are found in the import source document, but do not yet exist in the destination document
>''"changes"'' selects only tiddlers that exist in both documents but that are newer in the source document
>''"differences"'' selects all new and existing tiddlers that are different from the destination document (even if destination tiddler is newer)
''Import Tagging:''
Tiddlers that have been imported can be automatically tagged, so they will be easier to find later on, after they have been added to your document. New tags are entered into the "add tags" input field, and then //added// to the existing tags for each tiddler as it is imported.
''Skip, Rename, Merge, or Replace:''
When importing a tiddler whose title is identical to one that already exists, the import process pauses and the tiddler title is displayed in an input field, along with four push buttons: ''[skip]'', ''[rename]'', ''[merge]'' and ''[replace]''.
To bypass importing this tiddler, press ''[skip]''. To import the tiddler with a different name (so that both the tiddlers will exist when the import is done), enter a new title in the input field and then press ''[rename]''. Press ''[merge]'' to combine the content from both tiddlers into a single tiddler. Press ''[replace]'' to overwrite the existing tiddler with the imported one, discarding the previous tiddler content.
//Note: if both the title ''and'' modification date/////time match, the imported tiddler is assumed to be identical to the existing one, and will be automatically skipped (i.e., not imported) without asking.//
''Import Report History''
When tiddlers are imported, a report is generated into ImportedTiddlers, indicating when the latest import was performed, the number of tiddlers successfully imported, from what location, and by whom. It also includes a list with the title, date and author of each tiddler that was imported.
When the import process is completed, the ImportedTiddlers report is automatically displayed for your review. If more tiddlers are subsequently imported, a new report is //added// to ImportedTiddlers, above the previous report (i.e., at the top of the tiddler), so that a reverse-chronological history of imports is maintained.
If a cumulative record is not desired, the ImportedTiddlers report may be deleted at any time. A new ImportedTiddlers report will be created the next time tiddlers are imported.
Note: You can prevent the ImportedTiddlers report from being generated for any given import activity by clearing the "create a report" checkbox before beginning the import processing.
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.08.12 [4.3.3] rewrite backstage and shadow tiddler definitions for easier customization
2008.08.05 [4.3.2] rewrote loadRemoteFile() to eliminate use of platform-specific fileExists() function
2008.06.29 [4.3.1] More layout/animation work for simpler sequential interaction. Code reduction/cleanup
2008.06.28 [4.3.0] HTML and CSS cleanup and tweaks to layout. Added animation to panels
2008.06.22 [4.2.0] For FireFox, use HTML with separate text+button control instead of type='file' control
2008.06.05 [4.1.0] in filterByHash(), added support for boolean tag expressions using getMatchingTiddlers() (defined by MatchTagsPlugin)
2008.05.12 [4.0.2] automatically tweak the backstage "import" task to add the ImportTiddlers control panel as an optional alternative to the standard import wizard. (Moved from BackstageTweaks).
2008.04.30 [4.0.1] trim #... suffix for loading files/URLs in IE
2008.04.30 [4.0.0] added source filtering (using URL paramifiers). Also, abbreviations for code-size reduction.
2008.04.13 [3.9.0] added 'apply to all' checkbox for collision processing
2008.03.26 [3.8.0] added support for selecting pre-defined systemServer URLs
2008.03.25 [3.7.0] added support for setting 'server' fields on imported tiddlers (for later synchronizing of changes)
2008.01.03 [3.6.0] in loadRemoteFile(), use lower-level doHttp() instead of loadRemoteFile() in order to support username/password access to remote server
2007.10.30 [3.5.6] update [[ImportTiddlers]] shadow tiddler definition to include "inline" link, so the plugin control panel is displayed instead of the standard core interface.
2007.06.27 [3.5.5] added missing 'fields' params to saveTiddler() calls. Fixes problem where importing tiddlers would lose the custom fields. Also, moved functions for backward-compatibility with TW2.1.x to separate [[ImportTiddlersPluginPatch2.1.x]] tiddler, reducing the size of //this// plugin tiddler by a significant amount.
2007.06.25 [3.5.4] added calls to store.suspendNotifications() and store.resumeNotifications(). Eliminates redisplay processing overhead DURING import activities
2007.04.29 [3.5.3] if refreshImportList() when inbound tiddlers are loaded, change "close" button to "done", and disable certain controls to creates a modal condition, so that actions that reload tiddlers cannot be performed unless "done" is first pressed to end the mode..
2007.04.28 [3.5.2] in handler(), added param support for custom link label/prompt
2007.04.19 [3.5.1] in readTiddlersFromHTML(), for TW2.2 and above, use importTiddlyWiki() (new core functionality) to get tiddlers from remote file content. Also, copied updated TW21Loader.prototype.internalizeTiddler() definition from TW2.2b5 so plugin can read tiddlers from TW2.2+ even when running under TW2.1.x
2007.03.22 [3.5.0] in refreshImportList(), add handling for 'select section' when a heading is selected. Makes it really easy to import by tag or date!
2007.03.21 [3.4.0] split loadTiddlers functionality into separate plugin (see [[LoadTiddlersPlugin]])
2007.03.20 [3.3.1] tweak to previous change to allow relative file references via http: (bypasses getLocalPath() so remote URL will be used)
2007.03.20 [3.3.0] added support for local, relative file references: in loadRemoteFile(), check for fileExists(). If not found, prepend relative path location and try again. Allows use of simple "foo.html" file references with importTiddlers and/or loadTiddlers macros
2007.02.24 [3.2.1] re-labeled control panel "open" button to "load" to avoid confusion with "open" button in system-provided Browse... dialog. (i.e., "browse, open, open" becomes "browse, open, load")
2007.02.09 [3.2.0] loadTiddlers: added support for "noReload" tag (prevents overwriting existing tiddler, even if inbound tiddler is newer)
2007.02.08 [3.1.3] loadTiddlers: added missing code and documentation for "newTags" handling (a feature change from long, long ago that somehow got lost!)
2006.11.14 [3.1.2] fix macro handler parameter declaration (double-pasted param list corrupts IE)
2006.11.13 [3.1.1] use apply() method to invoke hijacked core handler
2006.11.13 [3.1.0] hijack TW2.1 built-in importTiddlers.handler() so it can co-exist with the plugin interface 'panel'. Use macro without params (or use 'core' keyword) to display built-in core interface. Use new "link" param to embed "import tiddlers" link that shows floating panel when clicked. Renamed a few plugin utility functions so they don't collide with core internal functions. More code restructuring to come.
2006.10.12 [3.0.8] in readTiddlersFromHTML(), fallback to find end of store area by matching "/body" when POST-BODY-START is not present (backward compatibility for older documents)
2006.09.10 [3.0.7] in readTiddlersFromHTML(), find end of store area by matching "POST-BODY-START" instead of "/body"
2006.08.16 [3.0.6] Use higher-level store.saveTiddler() instead of store.addTiddler() to avoid conflicts with ZW and other adaptations that hijack low-level tiddler handling. Also, in CreateImportPanel(), no longer register notify to "refresh listbox after every tiddler change" (left over from old 'auto-filtered' list handling). Thanks to Bob McElrath for report/solution.
2006.07.29 [3.0.5] added noChangeMsg to loadTiddlers processing. if not 'quiet' mode, reports skipped tiddlers.
2006.04.18 [3.0.4] in loadTiddlers.handler, fixed parsing of "prompt:" param. Also, corrected parameters mismatch in loadTiddlers() callback function definition (order of params was wrong, resulting in filters NOT being applied)
2006.04.12 [3.0.3] moved many display messages to macro properties for easier L10N translations via 'lingo' definitions.
2006.04.12 [3.0.2] additional refactoring of 'core candidate' code. Proposed API now defines "loadRemoteFile()" for XMLHttpRequest processing with built in fallback for handling local filesystem access, and readTiddlersFromHTML() to process the resulting source HTML content.
2006.04.04 [3.0.1] in refreshImportList(), when using [by tags], tiddlers without tags are now included in a new "untagged" psuedo-tag list section
2006.04.04 [3.0.0] Separate non-interactive {{{<<importTiddlers...>>}}} macro functionality for incorporation into TW2.1 core and renamed as {{{<<loadTiddlers>>}}} macro. New parameters for loadTiddlers: ''label:text'' and ''prompt:text'' for link creation, ''ask'' for filename/URL, ''tag:text'' for filtering, "confirm" for accept/reject of individual inbound tiddlers. Also, ImportedTiddlers report generator output has been simplified and "importReplace/importPublic" tags and associated "force" param (which were rarely, if ever, used) has been dropped.
2006.03.30 [2.9.1] when extracting store area from remote URL, look for "</body>" instead of "</body>\n</html>" so it will match even if the "\n" is absent from the source.
2006.03.30 [2.9.0] added optional 'force' macro param. When present, autoImportTiddlers() bypasses the checks for importPublic and importReplace. Based on a request from Tom Otvos.
2006.03.28 [2.8.1] in loadImportFile(), added checks to see if 'netscape' and 'x.overrideMimeType()' are defined (IE does *not* define these values, so we bypass this code)
Also, when extracting store area from remote URL, explicitly look for "</body>\n</html>" to exclude any extra content that may have been added to the end of the file by hosting environments such as GeoCities. Thanks to Tom Otvos for finding these bugs and suggesting some fixes.
2006.02.21 [2.8.0] added support for "tiddler:TiddlerName" filtering parameter in auto-import processing
2006.02.21 [2.7.1] Clean up layout problems with IE. (Use tables for alignment instead of SPANs styled with float:left and float:right)
2006.02.21 [2.7.0] Added "local file" and "web server" radio buttons for selecting dynamic import source controls in ImportPanel. Default file control is replaced with URL text input field when "web server" is selected. Default remote document URL is defined in SiteURL tiddler. Also, added option for prepending SiteProxy URL as prefix to remote URL to mask cross-domain document access (requires compatible server-side script)
2006.02.17 [2.6.0] Removed "differences only" listbox display mode, replaced with selection filter 'presets': all/new/changes/differences. Also fixed initialization handling for "add new tags" so that checkbox state is correctly tracked when panel is first displayed.
2006.02.16 [2.5.4] added checkbox options to control "import remote tags" and "keep existing tags" behavior, in addition to existing "add new tags" functionality.
2006.02.14 [2.5.3] FF1501 corrected unintended global 't' (loop index) in importReport() and autoImportTiddlers()
2006.02.10 [2.5.2] corrected unintended global variable in importReport().
2006.02.05 [2.5.1] moved globals from window.* to config.macros.importTiddlers.* to avoid FireFox 1.5.0.1 crash bug when referencing globals
2006.01.18 [2.5.0] added checkbox for "create a report". Default is to create/update the ImportedTiddlers report. Clear the checkbox to skip this step.
2006.01.15 [2.4.1] added "importPublic" tag and inverted default so that auto sharing is NOT done unless tagged with importPublic
2006.01.15 [2.4.0] Added support for tagging individual tiddlers with importSkip, importReplace, and/or importPrivate to control which tiddlers can be overwritten or shared with others when using auto-import macro syntax. Defaults are to SKIP overwriting existing tiddlers with imported tiddlers, and ALLOW your tiddlers to be auto-imported by others.
2006.01.15 [2.3.2] Added "ask" parameter to confirm each tiddler before importing (for use with auto-importing)
2006.01.15 [2.3.1] Strip TW core scripts from import source content and load just the storeArea into the hidden IFRAME. Makes loading more efficient by reducing the document size and by preventing the import document from executing its TW initialization (including plugins). Seems to resolve the "Found 0 tiddlers" problem. Also, when importing local documents, use convertUTF8ToUnicode() to convert the file contents so support international characters sets.
2006.01.12 [2.3.0] Reorganized code to use callback function for loading import files to support event-driven I/O via an ASYNCHRONOUS XMLHttpRequest. Let's processing continue while waiting for remote hosts to respond to URL requests. Added non-interactive 'batch' macro mode, using parameters to specify which tiddlers to import, and from what document source. Improved error messages and diagnostics, plus an optional 'quiet' switch for batch mode to eliminate //most// feedback.
2006.01.11 [2.2.0] Added "[by tags]" to list of tiddlers, based on code submitted by BradleyMeck
2006.01.09 [2.1.1] When a URL is typed in, and then the "open" button is pressed, it generates both an onChange event for the file input and a click event for open button. This results in multiple XMLHttpRequest()'s which seem to jam things up quite a bit. I removed the onChange handling for file input field. To open a file (local or URL), you must now explicitly press the "open" button in the control panel.
2006.01.08 [2.1.0] IMPORT FROM ANYWHERE!!! re-write getImportedTiddlers() logic to either read a local file (using local I/O), OR... read a remote file, using a combination of XML and an iframe to permit cross-domain reading of DOM elements. Adapted from example code and techniques courtesy of Jonny LeRoy.
2006.01.06 [2.0.2] When refreshing list contents, fixed check for tiddlerExists() when "show differences only" is selected, so that imported tiddlers that don't exist in the current file will be recognized as differences and included in the list.
2006.01.04 [2.0.1] When "show differences only" is NOT checked, import all tiddlers that have been selected even when they have a matching title and date.
2005.12.27 [2.0.0] Update for TW2.0
Defer initial panel creation and only register a notification function when panel first is created
2005.12.22 [1.3.1] tweak formatting in importReport() and add 'discard report' link to output
2005.12.03 [1.3.0] Dynamically create/remove importPanel as needed to ensure only one instance of interface elements exists, even if there are multiple instances of macro embedding. Also, dynamically create/recreate importFrame each time an external TW document is loaded for importation (reduces DOM overhead and ensures a 'fresh' frame for each document)
2005.11.29 [1.2.1] fixed formatting of 'detail info' in importReport()
2005.11.11 [1.2.0] added 'inline' param to embed controls in a tiddler
2005.11.09 [1.1.0] only load HTML and CSS the first time the macro handler is called. Allows for redundant placement of the macro without creating multiple instances of controls with the same ID's.
2005.10.25 [1.0.5] fixed typo in importReport() that prevented reports from being generated
2005.10.09 [1.0.4] combined documentation with plugin code instead of using separate tiddlers
2005.08.05 [1.0.3] moved CSS and HTML definitions into plugin code instead of using separate tiddlers
2005.07.27 [1.0.2] core update 1.2.29: custom overlayStyleSheet() replaced with new core setStylesheet()
2005.07.23 [1.0.1] added parameter checks and corrected addNotification() usage
2005.07.20 [1.0.0] Initial Release
<<</***
|Name|ImportTiddlersPluginPatch|
|Source|
|Version|4.3.2|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License| <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires|ImportTiddlersPlugin|
|Overrides|config.macros.importTiddlers.handler|
|Description|backward-compatible function patches for use with ImportTiddlersPlugin and TW2.1.x or earlier|
!!!!!Usage
<<<
The current version ImportTiddlersPlugin is compatible with the TW2.2.x core functions. This "patch" plugin provides additional functions needed to enable the current version of ImportTiddlersPlugin to operate correctly under TW2.1.x or earlier.
{{medium{You do not need to install this plugin if you are using TW2.2.0 or above}}}
(though it won't hurt anything if you do... it will just take up more space).
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.08.05 [4.3.2] rewrote loadRemoteFile to eliminate use of platform-specific fileExists() function
2008.01.03 [3.6.0] added support for passing txtRemoteUsername and txtRemotePassword for accessing password-protected remote servers
2007.06.27 [3.5.5] compatibility functions split from ImportTiddlersPlugin
|please see [[ImportTiddlersPlugin]] for additional revision details|
2005.07.20 [1.0.0] Initial Release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
// these functions are only defined when installed in TW2.1.x and earlier...
if (version.major+ <= 2.1) {
// Version
version.extensions.importTiddlersPatch21x = {major: 4, minor: 3, revision: 2, date: new Date(2008,8,5)};
// fixups for TW2.0.x and earlier
if (window.merge==undefined) window.merge=function(dst,src,preserveExisting) { for (p in src) if (!preserveExisting||dst[p]===undefined) dst[p]=src[p]; return dst; }
if (config.macros.importTiddlers==undefined) config.macros.importTiddlers={ };
config.macros.importTiddlers.loadRemoteFile = function(src,callback,quiet) { if (src==undefined || !src.length) return null; // filename is required if (!quiet) clearMessage(); if (!quiet) displayMessage(this.openMsg.format([src])); if (src.substr(0,5)!="http:" && src.substr(0,5)!="file:") { // if not a URL, read from local filesystem var txt=loadFile(src); if (!txt) { // file didn't load, might be relative path.. try fixup var pathPrefix=document.location.href; // get current document path and trim off filename var slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf("/"); if (slashpos==-1) slashpos=pathPrefix.lastIndexOf("\\"); if (slashpos!=-1 && slashpos!=pathPrefix.length-1) pathPrefix=pathPrefix.substr(0,slashpos+1); src=pathPrefix+src; if (pathPrefix.substr(0,5)!="http:") src=getLocalPath(src); var txt=loadFile(src); } if (!txt) { // file still didn't load, report error if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src.replace(/%20/g," "),"(filesystem error)"])); } else { if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.readMsg.format([txt.length,src.replace(/%20/g," ")])); if (callback) callback(true,quiet,convertUTF8ToUnicode(txt),src,null); } } else { var x; // get an request object try {x = new XMLHttpRequest()} // moz catch(e) { try {x = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP")} // IE 6 catch (e) { try {x = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")} // IE 5 catch (e) { return } } } // setup callback function to handle server response(s) x.onreadystatechange = function() { if (x.readyState == 4) { if (x.status==0 || x.status == 200) { if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.readMsg.format([x.responseText.length,src])); if (callback) callback(true,quiet,x.responseText,src,x); } else { if (!quiet) displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src,x.status])); } } } // get privileges to read another document's DOM via http:// or file:// (moz-only) if (typeof(netscape)!="undefined") { try { netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalBrowserRead"); } catch (e) { if (!quiet) displayMessage(e.description?e.description:e.toString()); } } // send the HTTP request try { var url=src+(src.indexOf('?')<0?'?':'&')+'nocache='+Math.random(); x.open("GET",src,true,config.options.txtRemoteUsername,config.options.txtRemotePassword); if (x.overrideMimeType) x.overrideMimeType('text/html'); x.send(null); } catch (e) { if (!quiet) { displayMessage(config.macros.importTiddlers.openErrMsg.format([src,"(unknown)"])); displayMessage(e.description?e.description:e.toString()); } } }
}
config.macros.importTiddlers.readTiddlersFromHTML=function(html) { // for TW2.1 and earlier // extract store area from html var start=html.indexOf('<div>'); var end=html.indexOf("<!--POST-BODY-START--"+">",start); if (end==-1) var end=html.indexOf("</body"+">",start); // backward-compatibility for older documents var sa="<html><body>"+html.substring(start,end)+"</body></html>"; // load html into iframe document var f=document.getElementById("loaderFrame"); if (f) document.body.removeChild(f); f=document.createElement("iframe"); f.id="loaderFrame"; f.style.width="0px"; f.style.height="0px"; f.style.border="0px"; document.body.appendChild(f); var d=f.document; if (f.contentDocument) d=f.contentDocument; // For NS6 else if (f.contentWindow) d=f.contentWindow.document; // For IE5.5 and IE6 d.open(); d.writeln(sa); d.close(); // read tiddler DIVs from storeArea DOM element var sa = d.getElementById("storeArea"); if (!sa) return null; sa.normalize(); var nodes = sa.childNodes; if (!nodes || !nodes.length) return null; var tiddlers = []; for(var t = 0; t < nodes.length; t++) { var title = null; if(nodes[t].getAttribute) title = nodes[t].getAttribute("title"); // TW 2.2+ if(!title && nodes[t].getAttribute) title = nodes[t].getAttribute("tiddler"); // TW 2.1.x if(!title && nodes[t].id && (nodes[t].id.substr(0,5) == "store")) title = nodes[t].id.substr(5); // TW 1.2.x if(title && title != "") tiddlers.push((new Tiddler()).loadFromDiv(nodes[t],title)); } return tiddlers;
}
// // COPIED FROM TW2.2beta5
// // enables reading tiddler definitions using TW2.2 storeArea format, even when plugin is running under TW2.1.x
// // storeArea format changes include:
// // <pre> nodes
// // attribute(tiddler) renamed to attribute(title)
// // attribute(modified) is omitted if created==modified
TW21Loader.prototype.internalizeTiddler = function(store,tiddler,title,node)
{ var e = node.firstChild; var text = null; if(node.getAttribute("tiddler")) { text = getNodeText(e).unescapeLineBreaks(); } else { while(e.nodeName!="PRE" && e.nodeName!="pre") { e = e.nextSibling; } text = e.innerHTML.replace(/\r/mg,"").htmlDecode(); } var modifier = node.getAttribute("modifier"); var c = node.getAttribute("created"); var m = node.getAttribute("modified"); var created = c ? Date.convertFromYYYYMMDDHHMM(c) : version.date; var modified = m ? Date.convertFromYYYYMMDDHHMM(m) : created; var tags = node.getAttribute("tags"); var fields = {}; var attrs = node.attributes; for(var i = attrs.length-1; i >= 0; i--) { var name = attrs[i].name; if (attrs[i].specified && !TiddlyWiki.isStandardField(name)) { fields[name] = attrs[i].value.unescapeLineBreaks(); } } tiddler.assign(title,text,modifier,modified,tags,created,fields); return tiddler;
};
} // END OF TW2.1.x backward-compatibility functions
//}}}On 8/24/2016, 10:10:31 AM, DougRummel imported 38 tiddlers from [[C:\Users\rummel\Dropbox\Wiki\HWCalendarGenerator.wiki.1415 - Copy.html|C:\Users\rummel\Dropbox\Wiki\HWCalendarGenerator.wiki.1415 - Copy.html]]: <<< #[[HW-2016/11/14]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/18]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/17]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/16]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/15]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/30]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/29]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/28]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/31]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/1]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/3]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/10]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/2]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/11]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/9]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/8]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/7]] - added #[[HW-2016/11/4]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/10]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/25]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/17]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/24]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/12]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/13]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/18]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/19]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/20]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/21]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/14]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/11]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/26]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/27]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/5]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/7]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/6]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/4]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/3]] - added #[[HW-2016/10/28]] - added <<<
! F * t = impulse = change in momentum = Δ (mass)*(velocity) = N * s = kg* m/s
! Lab-Impulse involves using an elastic band to apply a force to a moving cart as it approaches a sonic ranger. * ''Graph of Force acting on moving cart over time'' as the elastic band slows and reverses the direction of the cart. ** Notice that the force ramps up to a maximum that corresponds to the reversal of the velocity direction of the cart. ** The area under or ''integral'' of this Force spike is ''F*t'' or @@''total impulse in N*s.''@@ |[img[Force vs. time or Impulse graph| impulse lab graph.gif]]| * ''Graph of Velocity changes to a cart over time'' as the elastic band acts on the cart. |[img[Velocity vs. Time graph| ** Moving towards the sonic ranger is a negative velocity. Moving away is a positive velocity. (see Lab-Impulse for setup). ** Notice the Δv as the force starts to cause the acceleration of the cart. ** The ''slope'' of the changing velocity graph over time is defined as ''acceleration''. *** Is the acceleration of the car (-) or (+) here? Is the Force (-) or (+) at the same time? |[img[Combined Force and Velocity vs. time graph| | [[Source of graph image.| |
!Forcing or inducing a flow of ElectricalCurrent due to moving MagneticField lines cutting across metal wires. * Basis for electric motors. Faraday discovered this in 1831. | North Pole is to the left on this solenoid. | |[img[solenoid coil| | [[Source:Wikia.com| |
!The scientific method, serendipity, and some humor make for a shocking 'discovery'. * InDuction via rotating cat. ** One slight oversight: a permanent magnet strapped to the subject would be much more efficient than ionizing the air to make a rotating electric field around said subject. <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!James Watt refined the steam engine in 1784 and started the radical replacement of human and animal muscle power with engines. * Fossil fuels, such as coal, were the primary source of energy for boiling the water that these [[steam engines required.| * Internal combustion engines later moved to using petroleum products as their energy source. * The vast amounts of excess CO~~2~~ that have been released via the burning of fossil fuels since the early 1800's are a primary GreenhouseGas. ** Prior to the industrial revolution, CO~~2~~ concentrations were fairly stable at 280 ppm. Today, they are around 370 ppm, an increase of well over 30%. [[Source.| |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Comparison of various inputs to the earth's total energy budget" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>| "
!A head-on stick collision of 2 masses. Use ConservationOfMomentum to solve. * ''Sum of ρ~~before event~~ = Sum of ρ~~after event~~'' ---- * ''Inelastic collisions'' = ''F * t'' = ''m * Δ v'' ** Simple Collision tables are used for head-on impacts. * A cart (Mass1) moves to the right at 1 m/s and has a mass of 1 kg. It hits Mass2 (3 kg) moving left at 4 m/s and they stick together. ''Calculate the velocity of the combined masses //after the collision//.'' Use the table below. | //quantity// | Mass1 | Mass2 | Mass1 + Mass2 | //Units// | | m | 1 | 3 | | kg | | v | 6 | -4 | //find!// | m/s | | m*v | | | | kg*m/s | | p~~tot~~ |>|>| | kg*m/s |
!Find the velocity change after the brick is dropped on the moving cart. Assume each brick has identical mass and 1 brick = mass of cart itself. [img[Brick dropped on cart| * This is a conceptual problem since specific values are not given. Should the cart slow down or speed up? By how much? Why?
* Link to interactive flash animation of an [[Inelastic Collision involving 2 trucks| ** Should play within your browser in a new tab. ** Change the settings and see what happens!
!Senior science elective *A [[college-level engineering class| centered around understanding how high-tech devices, such as the iPhone, function.
!'Heat' Light with wavelengths just longer than VisibleLight * Wavelengths in the ElectroMagnetic spectrum of 750 nm to 1 mm.
!Copy the code below and replace the fake website URL with the website URL you wish to have opened inside the ''i''nternal ''frame''.
{{{
<html><div align="center">
<iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600">
</iframe>
</div></html>
}}}
!Copy the code below for embedding images that link back to the original page. Replace the fake website URL with the real website URL and image address.
{{{
<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Alternative text seen at mouse over" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>
}}}/***
|Name:|InstantTimestampPlugin|
|Description:|A handy way to insert timestamps in your tiddler content|
|Version:|1.0.10a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!!Usage
If you enter {ts} in your tiddler content (without the spaces) it will be replaced with a timestamp when you save the tiddler. Full list of formats:
* {ts} or {t} -> timestamp
* {ds} or {d} -> datestamp
* !ts or !t at start of line -> !!timestamp
* !ds or !d at start of line -> !!datestamp
(I added the extra ! since that's how I like it. Remove it from translations below if required)
!!Notes
* Change the timeFormat and dateFormat below to suit your preference.
* See also
* You could invent other translations and add them to the translations array below.
***/
//{{{
config.InstantTimestamp = { // adjust to suit timeFormat: 'DD/0MM/YY 0hh:0mm', dateFormat: 'DD/0MM/YY', translations: [ [/^!ts?$/img, "'!!{{ts{'+now.formatString(config.InstantTimestamp.timeFormat)+'}}}'"], [/^!ds?$/img, "'!!{{ds{'+now.formatString(config.InstantTimestamp.dateFormat)+'}}}'"], // thanks Adapted Cat [/\{ts?\}(?!\}\})/ig,"'{{ts{'+now.formatString(config.InstantTimestamp.timeFormat)+'}}}'"], [/\{ds?\}(?!\}\})/ig,"'{{ds{'+now.formatString(config.InstantTimestamp.dateFormat)+'}}}'"] ], excludeTags: [ "noAutoCorrect", "noTimestamp", "html", "CSS", "css", "systemConfig", "systemConfigDisabled", "zsystemConfig", "Plugins", "Plugin", "plugins", "plugin", "javascript", "code", "systemTheme", "systemPalette" ], excludeTiddlers: [ "StyleSheet", "StyleSheetLayout", "StyleSheetColors", "StyleSheetPrint" // more? ]
};
TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler_mptw_instanttimestamp = TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler = function(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields,clearChangeCount,created) { tags = tags ? tags : []; // just in case tags is null tags = (typeof(tags) == "string") ? tags.readBracketedList() : tags; var conf = config.InstantTimestamp; if ( !tags.containsAny(conf.excludeTags) && !conf.excludeTiddlers.contains(newTitle) ) { var now = new Date(); var trans = conf.translations; for (var i=0;i<trans.length;i++) { newBody = newBody.replace(trans[i][0], eval(trans[i][1])); } } // TODO: use apply() instead of naming all args? return this.saveTiddler_mptw_instanttimestamp(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields,clearChangeCount,created);
}
// you can override these in StyleSheet
setStylesheet(".ts,.ds { font-style:italic; }","instantTimestampStyles");
//}}}!Physics animations of systems * Alter input parameters and see the outcomes.
!Waves pile up on each other to either amplify (constructive interference) or cancel (destructive interference) each other | [img[two waves overlapping to have interference| | [[Source.| Dark areas are troughs and bright areas are crests. The grey 'lines' that appear to radiate from the sources are zones of cancellation. This can be seen in DiffRaction patterns. | | [img[Interference patterns| |* For [[Light]] waves, energy packets or photons are absorbed only if the incoming waves match the natural electronic “beat pattern” of each type of atom or molecule. See details in [[PigMents]]. | |~|* Once waves are caught, they're hard to ignore because they increase atomic jiggling in object. When waves are out-of-synch they can cause @@cancellation or destructive@@ InterFerence (the bottom picture).| |>|* Both of these AbSorption events can occur whether the waves are due to interactions of matter compressions (sound) or pure energy (light) changing electron orbits (light emission or absorption) inside an atom. | | [img[Morpho butterfly's blue wings are due to destructive cancellation.| | @@Destructive@@ InterFerence patterns are useful in creating the single color in Morpho butterfly wings. [[Source 1| [[Source 2.| | | [img[Color filters only let their respective colored light through| |*Filters selectively absorb certain wavelengths of [[Light]] and let others pass right through to alter the colors perceived. They can also selectively remove matter waves of a given frequency. This is much like a graphic equalizer on a stereo does to music when certain electronic beat patterns corresponding to bass or treble notes are filtered out before the playing. [[Image source.| |
TiddlyWiki works on InternetExplorer 6.x and above under Windows. It also allows you to SaveChanges, albeit there are some annoying XP ServicePack2Problems and VistaIssues to work around. Known problems with TiddlyWiki under InternetExplorer: * [[Gradient|GradientMacro]] fills sometimes appear in the wrong place until you move the mouse over the tiddler * Horizontal gradients don't work correctly * Links to tiddlers with multiple consecutive spaces in their titles is broken * Runs of spaces within tiddlers get conflated into a single space when you edit a tiddler. This is particularly annoying when using MonospacedText blocks
Page 1: Rules of Graph Interpretation Page 2: DVA Practice Page 3: Free Fall Page 4: GraphicalDistanceProblems * Note: |''d = v*t'' when the velocity is constant area on this graph is a rectangle | |''d= ½ Δv * time'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate area on this graph is a triangle | |''d= ½*a*t*t'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate area on this graph is a triangle | [img[PDF symbol| page Interpreting Graphs Packet| Graphs Packet 10-3-11.pdf]]
!Show setup and label all values with a unit. Box final answers. * Use only ''kg, m, and s units!'' > Find the [[Momentum]] (kg*m/s) in #1-4: # A 28 kg object moving at 31 m/s # A 45 lb object moving at 38 m/s # A 300 N object moving at 4.8 mi/hour # A 21 kg object moving at 17 ft/ sec # Find the [[Impulse]] needed to cut the speed of a 17 kg object moving at 31 m/s in half. # A 14 kg medicine ball is caught by some poor student. The ball is moving at 8 m/s. If the maximum force the student can exert on the ball is 80 N, @@how long@@ will the student have to push on the ball to stop it? # Fin the impulse needed to slow a 1100 kg car from 41 miles/hour to 8 m/s. Show your unit analysis grid.
!Forces or energy or matter that appear to emanate outwards in a sphere and getting exponentially weaker in intensity or density * The center or source of that material or energy can be treated as a single point ** Ex: Center of gravity * @@color:red;''force field strength ~ 1/ r^^2^^''@@ * Materials that are sprayed follow this rule: ** Spray paint, a 'butter- gun', flocking an xmas tree, grenades, etc. * The fundamental forces of [[gravity|LawOfUniversalGravitation]], electricity and magnetism all obey this rule.
!Inverted world of some Finnish scuba divers <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Iron atoms have a nuclei that is so tightly bound that normal NuclearFusion in stars stops at this point. * Stars accumulate iron ash at their core. * If a star runs out of nuclear fuel, it can follow [[several paths based on it's initial mass|LifeOfaStar]], including SuperNova. * Only SuperNova can create, for a brief second, the temperatures needed to fuse elements 27 and above. * The abundance of iron in the cores of stars helps explains why so much iron exists in the crust of our earth. ** Ever seen red soil or sand? It's full of iron oxides.
!English Physicist how codiscovered modern calculus; found the equations that govern both terrestrial and celestial motion * [[25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726| |<html><body><img src="" alt="Principia title"></body></html>|@@font-size:16pt;His great work (shown at left) was published in 1687 by his friend and defender, Sir EdmundHalley. This led to the Great Revolution of 1688, where Newton's ideas about motion united heaven and earth.@@ |''Portrait of Isaac Newton after publication of the //Principia//.'' [[Source: IsaacNewton.org| |~|@@font-size:16pt;This synthesis led the West to consider the universe to be an orderly place with [[clockwork precision|ClockworkUniverse]], as described by NewtonsLaws. This affirmation of fundamental, rational principles that underlain reality gave rise to a period of time known as the [[''Enlightenment''|Projectile-Objectives]] in the 1700's.@@ | <html><body><img src="" alt="Portrait of Isaac Newton after publication of the "Principia"></body></html> | |~| @@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:16pt;As a result of the __Principia__, the American Declaration of Independence can considered the fruition of this belief that //universal laws// governed not only the planets but the affairs of men. "All men are created equal with certain unalienable rights...". @@ |>|
Similar to {{{[img[Rollover title|URLofImage.jpg]]}}}
*Displays a Ford GT car at a smaller 600x480 image size than the original.
* Code:
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<<player id=8 image 600 480>>!Father of the modern understanding of light as an ElectroMagnetic field. * [[Wikipedia entry| * The ElectroMagnetic spectrum from Radio to Gamma Rays can be termed 'Maxwell's Country'- a topography that was discovered in the 19th century and exploited in the 20th. * The flyer below highlights Maxwell's achievement's. [[Source.| <html> <div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe> </div> </html>
[[Sun Microsystem's| standard device-independent language that is now a web standard. must be enabled for a TiddlyWiki to function.
! The inventor of tiddlywiki:
> "a technologist based in London, UK. I'm available for limited consultancy work through my company [[Osmosoft| but, thanks to the support of Ricoh Innovations, most of my time is now taken up with developing and promoting TiddlyWiki."
> "I can be reached at {{{jeremy (at) osmosoft (dot) com}}}, and I regularly read and reply to messages on the [[TiddlyWiki Google Groups| You can also find me on [[Flickr| and [[Technorati|"!Mathematician who used TychoBrahe's celestial records to deduce laws of planetary motion. 1571-1630. [img[JohanesKEpler| > Image source: [[Cosmology Bus Blog|
!English Physician who tracked down the source of the CholeraEpidemic of 1854. Father of Epidemiology | * Mapped deaths to rationally track the cause of the epidemic and doggedly pursued the truth against [[prevailing ideas|Miasma]] on the nature of the disease. He died in 1858, three years after publishing his definitive and statistical argument that Cholera was a water-born infectious disease. In the following decade as Louis Pasteur's work on germ theory advanced a physical cause for cholera, public health officials recognized that Snow's analysis was correct. | [img[Dr. John Snow| | | * The BroadStreetPump now stands in ~SoHo, London in front of the John Snow Pub. |~| | * The UCLA school of Epidemiology website about [[John Snow's solving of the 1854 epidemic source is very complete.| |~| | [[Source links for all UNC material at UCLA Epidemiology| |~| | [img[PDF symbol| [[Laura Ball's (a 10th grader in Wisconsin) 2009 National History Day gold medal essay on John Snow| |~|
* Daily logs of what was or what ''should be'' accomplished in class * Action items for the immediate future * Generated using the [[Journal Generator]] macro * To create a instant journal entry based on the 24 hour timestamp, click on <<newJournal "DD MMM YYYY, hh:mm">>
!A theory = a law! |[img[It's just a theory| | [[Image Source.| |
| !Laws created by JohannesKepler after using [[TychoBrahe]]'s naked-eye astronomical data |>| |''I.'' The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. | [img[Elliptical Orbits| | |''II.'' The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse. See a javascript animation of [[Halley's comet moving in an elliptical orbit.| Areas| | |''III.'' The ratio of the squares of the revolutionary periods for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their [[semimajor axes| The orbital periods or length of a 'year' for each planet is listed [[here.| [img[Period~Radius| |
!!!!Starter questions on the board or overhead display To be answered in student journals at the start of class while HW is checked and attendance is taken.
!0 to 60 mph in 1 sec! [[Source.| <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe> </div></html>
* the amount of energy in the mechanical motion of a moving mass = KE = 1/2 m*v^^2^^ = kg* (m/s)^^2^^ = N*m = ''Joule (J)'' * Can be converted to PotentialEnergy and back again |[img[Explosive Bullet in ballistic gelatin| Train|
!Introduction to the Labquest + Sonic ranger and the creation of D vs. T & V vs. T graphs * You must create your own: ** Lab title ** Purpose ** Procedure [img[Word symbol| [[Data Table #1: D vs. T graphs #1-9| * 3 column table has graphs taped into column #1, motion descriptions in column #2, and velocity information in column #3.
!4 Station investigation into Electricity and Magnetism |[img[Word symbol| EM Stations| Stations EM.docx]] |
> Modified from the Vernier Experiment #20 in "Physics with CBL", an older version of this lab.
!!''Purpose:'' Verify the [[Impulse]] -[[Momentum]] equation with a cart on a linear track attached to a bungee cord connected to a digital Dual Range Force gauge and monitored by a Sonic Ranger attached to a LabQuest.
** ''F* t = m* Δv''.
!!''Procedure:''
!!!In your lab book you'll @@summarize@@ the experimental setup and the key points of what data is to be recorded with your own numbered steps.
* Setup the experiment apparatus as shown in the image below:
|[img[Impulse lab setup| Lab setup.png]]|
# Choose a rubber band daisy chain length (about 7-12 small rubber bands) so that the cart can roll freely with the cord slack for most of the track length, but be stopped by the bands before it reaches the end of the track. Clamp the Force Sensor on the ring stand so that the bands, when taut, are horizontal and in line with the cart’s motion.
# Make sure that the metal bracket attached to the top of the cart has a reflective surface attached (perpendicular to the track) for the sonic ranger to 'ping'.
# Place the Motion Detector beyond the other end of the track horizontally so that the detector has a clear view of the cart’s motion along the entire track length. When the cord is stretched to maximum extension the cart should not be closer than 15 cm to the detector.
# Practice releasing the cart so it rolls toward the Motion Detector (switch set to the __cart__ icon), bounces gently, and returns to your hand. The Force Sensor must not shift and the cart must stay on the track. Arrange the elastic band so that when they are slack they do not interfere with the cart motion.
# If the two sensors are connected to the LabQuest (see image above) then you should see changing live data for both Force and Position on your LabQuest screen.
## If not, you need to go to home screen (guage icon) and choose ''Sensors'', ''Setup''. Choose the correct sensors and hit ''OK''.
## ''@@color:red;Channel 1 should be Force, ~Dual-Range 10 N@@''. //Make sure the switch on the Force gauge box is set on 10 N.//
## ''@@color:dark red;Digital 1 should be Motion Detector@@'' //Make sure the switch on the Motion Detector is set to the cart icon.//
## Verify that the data changes when the cart moves.
# Place the cart where there is slack in the elastic bands and the cart isn't moving. ''Zero'' both sensors by holding the stylus on the live data reading and choosing ''Zero'' from the choice list.
## Both sensors should be at zero.
# Setup the time for the data collection as 5 seconds total, 20 samples per second. This section is to the right of the home readout.
# Switch to ''Graphs'' on the main screen, and change the 2 visible graphs by holding the stylus over the Y-axis title. Choose:
## Top graph as ''Force'' (see ImpulseLabGraphs for an example).
## Bottom graph as ''Velocity'' (see ImpulseLabGraphs for an example).
# One person operates the LabQuest, while the other gently rolls the cart towards the motion detector.
## To take data; roll the cart and confirm that the Motion Detector detects the cart throughout its travel.
## Inspect the force data. If the peak is flattened, then the applied force is too large.
## Roll the cart with a lower initial speed. If the velocity graph has a flat area when it crosses the x-axis, the Motion Detector was too close and the run should be repeated.
# Drag the stylus over the portion of the ''Velocity graph'' BEFORE the bungee was stretched to highlight the V~~before~~ area. This would be the area of near constant velocity before the band started to stretch.
## Choose ''Analyze'' (from the top menu), ''Statistics'', ''Velocity''.
## Write down the ''@@color:blue;mean velocity BEFORE@@'' the force was applied from the velocity statistics (click the area to the right of the graph to have it pop up).
## Now drag the stylus over the portion of the ''Velocity graph'' AFTER the bungee was stretched to highlight the V~~after~~ area. (see ImpulseLabGraphs)
## Choose ''Analyze'' (from the top menu), ''Statistics'', ''Velocity''.
## Write down the ''@@color:blue;mean velocity AFTER@@'' the force was applied from the velocity statistics (click the area to the right of the graph to have it pop up). This would be the area of near constant velocity after the band stretched.
# Drag the stylus over the portion of the ''Force graph'' to highlight the entire Force "spike" area.
## Choose ''Analyze'' (from the top menu), ''Integrate'', ''Force''.
### This takes the integral (area under a curve first discovered by ArchiMedes and reinvented by [[IsaacNewton]]) of the Force vs. time spike or finds the @@total area under the graph@@ in Newton-seconds.
## This is the total impulse acting on the cart while the bungee was stretched. It it stated to the right of the Force graph.
# Repeat for a total of 3 clean data sets, resetting the sensors to zero on each run.
# IF you have time, you can add a known additional mass to the car (record it in kg!) and do trials 4-6, resetting the sensors to zero with each trial.
!!Data Table
* Sketch what the general shape of the Force vs. Time graph and what a corresponding Velocity vs. Time graph would look like. Label all of the items in the data table on this sketch.
* @@Mass of cart = _____ (kg) for runs #1-3. @@
* @@Mass of cart + weight = _____ (kg) for runs #4-6.@@
| !Trial |>|>| !Velocity (m/s) | !Total Impulse (N*s) | !Graph sketch |
| # | V~~before~~ | V~~after~~ | ''@@color:red;Δv@@'' | Integral of Force vs. time spike |Force vs. Time|
| 1 | | | | ||
| ... | | | | ||
| 6 | | | | ||
!!Analysis Table:
| !Trial # | !Total Impulse (N*s) measured | ''@@color:red;m*Δv@@'' calculated | !Difference = Change in momentum - Total impulse (kg*m/s) | ''@@color:blue;% Difference@@'' |
| 1 | | | | |
| ... | | | | |
| 6 | | | | |
|>|>|>| !Average % Difference for all runs =| {{{__}}}% |
* For each trial, find ''m* Δv'' (kg*m/s) and compare it in a table to the ''total impulse'' (N*s or kg*m/s). Calculate the % difference for each trial.
** We'll assume that the total impulse (''N*s'') or area of the force 'spike' is the more accurate or @@expected value@@.
** The momentum change (''m* Δv'') is less accurate due to the variability in finding a clean cruising velocity both before and after the bungee 'force spike' has occurred. Thus the ''m* Δv'' is the @@calculated value@@.
** @@color:red;The Difference in the two values is found by (change in momentum - total impulse (kg*m/s)) for each run.@@ This is @@calculated value - expected value@@.
** @@color:blue;% Difference is ((Difference)/(expected value))*100%@@
*** Remember, //impulse units (N*s) convert to momentum units (kg*m/s)//!
*** //Example: // If you have a momentum change of 6 kg*m/s and a total impulse of 8 N*s, then the % difference of total impulse: momentum change is ((6-8)/8)*100%
!!Analysis Questions:
* Print out a sample (you pick!) run's matching Force vs. Time and Velocity vs. Time graphs using LoggerPro.
** Neatly tape this in before the question section as "Sample Graphs Run X".
** IF not done by the Analysis software, shade in the integral of the F*t on the force graph.
** IF not done by the Analysis software, mark the section of V~~before~~ and V~~after~~ on the velocity graph.
# Does the total impulse match the change in momentum of the cart? Why or why not?
# What was your average % difference in this lab?
## What factors could have created errors in this lab?
## Were there any blunders in this lab?
# Does the type of material used for the elastic (we used rubber bands) possibly effect the outcome?
# Would adding more mass raise or lower the total impulse acting on the cart?
!!Results & Discussion.
> Follow the 4 paragraph generic format in the LabReportFormat.
> Include your average % difference in the Results paragraph.!Momentum Lab Challenge: Lunar Landing # This is a small group (grandparents + grandson vs. student pairs) challenge: ''Using your knowledge of impulse and momentum, create a 'Lunar Lander' device that absorbs the force of spacecraft moon landing to keep only 1 'astronaut' safe.'' ## A 'safe' astronaut must be inside the crew cabin cup after impact = __surviving__. ## __Nothing__ may be inside the crew cabin cup besides the single large marshmallow 'astronaut'.. ## The crew cabin cup must be __open to an infinite height above the cup__. # Materials given to you: ## 1 small plastic cup- the open __'crew cabin'__ of the lander. ## 3 index cards (3 x 5 in/8 x 13 cm) ## 1 regular marshmallow- the __'astronaut'__ ## 1/2 sheet of 8.5" x 11" paper card stock ## 6 miniature marshmallows ## 3 rubber bands ## 8 plastic straws ## scissors to cut with ## tape- 1 meter # Completing the minimum activity (safe impact at a height of __30 cm five times__ above the lowest part of your lander) will earn you a ''C-'' in this lab activity. # Successive heights to achieve lab scores above a ''C-'' are: ##1 m (3 surviving drops = "C+"), ## 2 m (2 surviving drops = "B-"), ## 1^^st^^ flight of stairs (survive 2 consecutive drops = "B+"), ## Midway up 2^^nd^^ flight of stairs (survive 2 consecutive drops = "A"), ## and ''Top 2^^nd^^ floor railing (survive 3 consecutive drops to earn an A+)''. # Bonus points will be awarded for surviving: ## Having the crew cabin cup rest above part or directly on the ''target'' circle from the top 2^^nd^^ floor railing # Using the contest guide below, plan your design strategy.You won't know who your partner is until the lab day if you don't have a grandparent. ## Your instructor is modifying the material supply list (see above) from what is listed below. |See some background for this Lab Challenge:| |[img[PDF symbol| [[Lunar Landing Challenge| Contest.pdf]]|
!Data tables for Lab-MeasuringStations * Download and print out the following data tables. They will be cut out and ''neatly taped into your quad lab book'' BEFORE the start of lab. |[img[Word symbol| [[Measuring Stations Lab Data Tables| stations11.doc]]|
!Write-up for Lab #1 Measurement Stations in @@ink@@ or word processed and neatly taped into your lab book. * Download, print, and cut/tape the LabReportFormat document into the ''inside front cover'' of your lab book. # Create the following on the @@1st numbered page@@ after the cover sheet in the lab book: ## A ''Title'': Measuring Stations ## A ''Purpose'': Practice measuring, estimating, and calculating in the metric system. ## A generic ''Procedure'' (see listing below) that involves following the instructions on the data sheet for each of 16 stations (don't restate each station's instructions!). ### Go to each designated lab station and perform the required task (see Data table starting on page 2). ### State any notes about calculation setups and items of interest. ### State the confidence level for each station based on the tools you had to work with. # ''Data section'': ## Lab-MeasuringDataSheets handout needs to be printed out. ## Cut out your original data sheets (all 3) so they will fit inside your lab book starting on the next blank page without any portions of the data table hanging out of the perimeter of the lab book. ## Tape the your data sheets in, one per lab book page, so that the sheets can easily be read. __No taped paper should ever stick out beyond the pages of the book__. # ''Analysis & Calculations'' ## Compare your personal lab stations Final Values to the Accepted Station Values as stated in Lab1AcceptedValues Excel spreadsheet on the next page of the lab. ## You will create an __Analysis Table #1__ (shown below). Use a pen and a ruler (or a printed Word table) that identifies for each station if your answers where within the @@Accepted Value +/- the Accepted Range@@. ### You can simply identify the stations that were and were not within the @@Accepted Value +/- the Accepted Range@@. ### The overall trend will be summarized in one of the paragraphs in the Results & Discussion section. ### See the generic LabReportFormat Analysis section. //Errors= instrumentation issues; Blunders = human performance.// |Station # |Within Accepted value range? |Variance (state value and units) if beyond Accepted value range |Error and/or Blunder? |''@@color:red;Explanation for Error and/or Blunder@@'' | 4. ''Results & Discussion'' follows. ## See instructions in the LabReportFormat which you have taped on the lab book inside cover. ## You will need to write 4 paragraphs for this section. the content of each paragraph differ slightly. ## In the Discussion section: ### You'll state the number of stations out of 20 that were within accepted value ranges. ### You'll calculate the % off for each station that is out of the accepted range and state them. #### ((actual measured value -accepted value) / accepted value)* 100% = percentage off (either negative (below) or positive (above)). ### Was there a common pattern to the blunders? What can you do to fix these performance issues? ## You must SKIP LINES in this section (double space). It can be hand written in ink (black or blue pen) or typed and neatly taped onto the page after being Word processed (skip lines!) ## These 4 paragraphs SHOULD NOT BE NUMBERED!
| [img[PDF symbol| [[Lab 2: Motion Detector| Motion Detection.pdf]] | *[[Original lab source by Pam Perry.| * You can start these tonight (__double space__ either in Word or write on paper to tape in later in your lab book) following the LabReportFormat. * ''Procedure through Data:'' See the .pdf of the lab. >''Analysis''. Please answer the following questions (double-spacing lines). Include the __question in the answer!__ # What part of motion determines whether a slope is positive or negative? # How can an object have negative velocity and a positive acceleration at the same? # How can you tell that a constant velocity is occurring by looking at just the positional graph? # How can you tell by glancing at a d vs. t graph where an object is moving faster or slower? # How can you tell that acceleration is occurring by looking at just the positional graph? # What surprised you most about the behavior of the sonic ranger? # Which graph was the hardest to match? Why? # What errors occurred during use of the sonic ranger? # What blunders occurred during use of the sonic ranger? * On the next page after the questions cut and tape in the completed DVA-Simple Analysis page. >''Results and Discussion'' (double-spacing your work) * Follow the standard 4 paragraph format in the LabReportFormat.. * Summarize your key findings about motion direction, graph slope, velocity, and acceleration in the first paragraph. * Expand on your lab in the Discussion paragraph. What was the average # of trials you had to try before matching the graph? * In your last paragraph, the future proposal, please comment on how ultrasonic technology is a form of vision for mapping out your environment. To illustrate this, please watch this video on the [[Blind cyclist|
!Determine if a relationship exists between temperature change and time for cooling objects; Verify heat capacity of a metal.
* See LabReportFormat for details on how to do these sections below.
| Make-up times will be Thursday, Friday, Monday, and Tuesday at 11:15 am in S211 |
A. ''Title:'' write one.
B. ''Purpose'': write one.
C. ''Procedure:'' See the instructions below. Summarize in your own words as numbered steps.
> ''@@color:purple;font-size:16pt; Part I: Cooling Curves (Day 1)@@''
# Each station will have a LabQuest, temperature probe, a styrofoam cup, a red cup, and a plastic cup to hold different contents (ice + water, hot water) based on what you're assigned.
# Take note of the room temperature.
# We'll graph the temperature of the cup's liquid as heat flow occurs from or to the steel or flexible temperature probe. The temperature of the cup's contents will attempt to come to equilibrium with the probe over time.
## For the first run allow the probe to get to within 3 Celsius of room temp before starting.
## Probe setup: Run length = 3 minutes. 2 samples per second.
## Press Run and __then__ insert the temperature probe tip into the contents of the cup through the insulated "lid". Leave it alone for the 3 minutes. You will need to gently swirl the cup containing the ice mixture every minute to ensure accurate measurements.
## When the run is done remove the probe. Save your file to your USB flashdrive as "{{{Lastname Hot}}}''" //or// "''{{{Lastname Cold}}}". Pour the contents of the cup into your table's sink and rinse out the styrofoam and red cups to remove any salt residue. Use a damp paper towel to clean off the temp probe after the ice run.
## Let probe reach temp equilibrium for the next run __while you prepare the next run__. Repeat steps.
D. ''Data Part I:''
# Record room temperature before starting.
# Record T~~starting~~ , T~~max~~ , T~~min~~ , and T~~final~~ for each run.
# Sketch your cooling curve in your lab book for each run.
# Save your run to your USB Flash drive inserted into the LabQuest as "{{{Lastname Hot}}}''" //or// "''{{{Lastname Cold}}}".
|Nature of Cup | Starting Temp C | Max Temp C | Min Temp C | Final Temp C| Cooling curve Sketch (at least 3x3 cm!) |
|Cup1: | | | | | |
|Cup2: | | | | | |
E. ''Analysis Part I:'' See Lab-ThermalAnalysis for the Part I Questions to answer in your lab book.
# You can print out both curves using the LoggerPro software at home tonight.
# Cut them out and tape it following the data section.
> ''@@color:red;font-size:16pt; Part II: Heat Capacity (Day 2) is done with partners@@''
B. ''Purpose:'': We will add metal cubes (2) of known size, mass, and temperature to cups full of a liquid of known mass and heat capacity at a cooler temperature and do HeatCapacity calculations @@to identify each unknown metal cube.@@
C. ''Procedure'':
# You must add a known volume (150 ml) of cold tap water (temp recorded) to your cup. In order to find the mass~~water~~ remember that 1 ml = 1 g of water at room temp. There is a graduated cylinder in the lab drawer at your station.
# Probe setup: Run length = 3 minutes.
# Each table has a hot plate with a metal pan full of hot water (the hot water 'bath') and metal cubes.
## Record the initial temperature of the hot water bath that the metal cube resides in. We'll assume that this is also the initial temperature of the metal cube. Record the color of the cube you are choosing.
## Bring your insulated cup to near the water bath. Using tongs, one of you should gently remove a hot metal cube from the hot water bath (tip any extra hot water on the cube's surface back into the pan) at the ''same time your partner hits "run" on the LabQuest''. Quickly lower the hot cube into your cold water foam cup and cover it with your styro lid containing the end of the temperature probe sticking out through it.
## The probe should immediately start measuring the temperature of the water after the hot metal cube has been added to the cold water. ''Do NOT let the probe touch the metal cube.''
# When the 3 minute run is over, remove the cube, dry it with a paper towel and find its mass in g by using a spring scale or an electronic balance (make sure you don't exceed the limits!). Return it to the hot water bath.
# Dump out the tepid water and restart the procedure for another cube of a different color (if time allows).
!!D. Part II Data Table:
* @@ Construct with a ruler and pen ''before'' coming to class.@@ You will hopefully do 2 different metal cubes in class.
* 2 samples/ sec for 3 minutes.
* Station data from you and your partner will be recorded in a table for each trial.
* Record the Room temp from the probe at rest = _____ C
| !Heat capacity of metal block Data |>|>|>|>|>|>|>|
|Partner Lastnames | ''Mass of cold water (g)'' | ''Initial Temp of cold water °C'' | ''Initial Temp of hot metal cube °C'' | ''Metal Cube color'' | ''Final Temp of water °C'' | ''Mass of dried metal cube (g)'' | ''Volume of metal cube (cm^^3^^)'' |
* See Lab-ThermalData for class data as Rummel uploads it..
* @@Class summary data will be written by each group onto the whiteboard@@ and then will be posted in Lab-ThermalClassData.
** You may print out your class data from the wiki and place it in your data section following your data.
!! E. Analysis Part II: See Lab-ThermalAnalysis for details on what questions and calculations to answer in this section.
# Your HeatCapacity (C~~p~~) calculation for the cube will tell us how good of a conductor your metal is. It is a unique and identifying value for each type of metal. This will be done in Analysis.
## Your calculated C~~p~~ answer will be compared to known values for each kind of metal.
!! F. Results & Discussion: Follow the general format for this section but cover the two different parts.
# @@color:purple;Part I Results paragraph:@@ Restate your purpose in this section and summarize your findings about heating/ cooling curves.
# @@color:red;Part II Results paragraph:@@ Restate your purpose in this section and summarize your findings on the nature of the metal cubes.
# @@color:purple;Part I Discussion paragraph:@@ Does your data support the notion that Newton's LawOfCooling was disproved in this lab?
# @@color:red;Part II Discussion paragraph:@@ How close (% accuracy) to the accepted value for your metal cube was your calculated HeatCapacity value?
# @@color:purple;Part I Blunders and Errors paragraph.@@
# @@color:red;Part II Blunders and Errors paragraph.@@
# Future proposal single paragraph.! ''Analysis Questions to Answer in your lab book:''
* Can be typed, printed, and neatly taped into lab book after your Data section (tables and graphs). Keep questions numbers intact. @@Skip lines.@@
> @@color:purple;font-size:16pt; Part I: Cooling Curves (Day 1)@@
# What sort of a mathematical relationship (trend) existed between the temperature of the liquid vs. time?
## Was the trend linear or some other function?
# According to Newton's LawOfCooling what factors influence the rate of cooling of an object?
# Can you think of variables (conditions) that may have differed between lab groups in this lab? What effect might they have had?
# If you had done this same experiment outdoors, what part of the results would you expect to see change? Why?
# When the temperature probe was placed into the hot water, did the temperature probe immediately read the temperature of the hot water?
## Did the temperature rise at a constant rate?
## What factors appear to influence the speed of the temperature rise and how can you use the data (numbers) in the table to demonstrate or justify your answer?
## How could you determine the rate of temperature rise by looking at the heating curve graph without being able to see the numbers? What feature of the heating curve graph are you actually using to determine rate of heating?
# When the temperature probe was placed into the ice water, did the temperature probe immediately read the temperature of the ice water?
## Did the temperature fall at a constant rate?
## What factors appear to influence the rate of the temperature change and how can you use the data (numbers) in the table to demonstrate or justify your answer?
### //Hint: On a graph, what feature tells you something about the rate of change? Does this feature appear different in runs A, B, or C? Why or Why not?//
> @@color:red;font-size:16pt;Part II: Heat Capacity (Day 2)@@
* Cut out and __tape 2 copies of the following section into the lab book__ after the Analysis questions. Label them @@Cube 1@@ and @@Cube 2@@.
| We assume that heat lost by the metal block is heat gained by the water. If our system is insulated enough, our values should be 90% accurate. |
# Using the formula for HeatCapacity, solve for the unknown ''C~~p~~'' for your block(s). Show your setup and label all values.
## We will assume a starting temperature for the given block (the hot water bath and the metal came to thermal equilibrium).
## Q~~gained by water~~ = (mass~~water~~) * (4.186 J/g*°C) * (ΔT~~water~~)
### Water's heat capacity is 4.186 Joules per gram
### ΔT~~water~~ = Final temp -starting temp °C.
## Q~~gained by water~~ = Q~~lost by metal~~ (LawsOfThermodynamics)
## Q~~lost by metal~~ = (mass~~cube~~) * (unknown J/g*°C) * (ΔT~~cube~~)
### @@Solve for the unknown HeatCapacity value.@@
## Unknown cube C~~p~~ in J/g*°C = {{{________}}}
# Unknown cube density in g/ cm^^3^^ = {{{________}}} and is a {{{________}}} color.
## You can look at kg/m^^3^^ densities (divide by 1000 to compare with your g/cm^^3^^ values) [[here.|
# Try and identify your cube of [[pure metal| (note that kJ/kg*K = J/g*°C) or [[metal alloy (mix of metals)| by finding a similar C~~p~~ value.
## Identify the ''nature of the metal cube'' you were given by using it's color, density (google it!) and C~~p~~ value as key characteristics.
### Identity of cube = {{{________}}} metal based on a given density of {{{________}}} (a difference of {{{____}}}% with unknown) and a C~~p~~ of {{{________}}} (difference of {{{____}}}% with unknown).
## How close (% accuracy) to the accepted value for your metal was your HeatCapacity value (your teacher will inform you after the analysis is written)?
| ''Needed Formulas:'' |
| Q =Heat= mass*C~~p~~*ΔT |
| where C~~p~~ = J/g*°C = Specific Heat Capacity |
| where ΔT = T~~max~~- T~~min~~ |!Data Table layout for Lab-Thermal Part II involving HeatCapacity. * Class group data will be posted here. * 1 Sample/ 2 sec for 4 minutes. * Room temp = _____ C | !Heat capacity of metal block Data |>|>|>|>|>|>| | ''Mass of cold water (g)'' | ''Initial Temp of cold water °C'' | ''Initial Temp of hot metal cube °C'' | ''Metal Cube color'' | ''Final Temp of water °C'' | ''Mass of dried metal cube (g)'' | ''Volume of metal cube (cm^^3^^)'' |
* 2016 accepted values to use in Analysis. * You will identify those stations were your final value was __not__ within the accepted tolerance and identify and state why your values were off. See the Lab-MeasuringStations for detailed instructions. | !Download Accepted Values (accessible after 4 pm on 9/1/16) | | [img[Excel symbol| [[Lab 1 Accepted Values| |
!Vernier's ruggedized hand held linux-based data collection device > [[Homepage| [img[Labquest unit|
!Download, fit, and tape to the inside cover of your lab book: [img[Word symbol| [[Lab Report Format| report format.doc]]
!Physics Lab Activities worth 10% of the final grade. Experiments that attempt to disprove various models of motion.
!CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) saw it's first test on 9-9-08. * It found the Higgs Boson, the fundamental particle who's field causes inertia or mass, [[in 2013 and won the Nobel Prize to the proposers of this model.| * @@''[[Famous Hadron Rap video| from 2008 explains what it's all about!''@@ | The LHC collision ring runs in a km look undergound between France and Switzerland. The complexity of the equipment requires an international effort. | <html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Map of the LHC ring" width="600" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html> | | [img[Collisions that changed the world| |'' The ATLAS detector inside the LHC'' <html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="The ATLAS detector inside the LHC" width="300" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html> |
!Allows a penalty-free 1 extra school day to work on an assignment. * You can use a total of 4 in a year. * You can use no more than 2 in a trimester. * You must turn in a sheet of paper with the normal assignment headings and the phrase: | ''I wish to use my Late Pass.'' | | I will turn in this (ASSIGNMENT NAME) on (state date that is 1 school day later). | | ''Sign the sheet and date it.'' | * If this process isn't followed, a 24 hour pass is not guaranteed. !! Use these for late Labs and Test Corrections!
!Newton's Law of Cooling > The rate of change of the temperature of an object ( ΔT) is proportional to the difference between its initial temperature (T~~start~~) and the final (ambient or room temperature if in equilibrium) or T~~final~~. * OR ΔT ~ (T~~start~~)/ T~~final~~. @@Bigger temperature gradients yield steeper curves (since rate of change is known as ''slope'')!@@ > For a time interval (t), the temperature change (ΔT) follows an exponential change function which can be expressed as ΔT = T~~start~~ *e^^-k*time^^, where "k" is the decay constant unique to each material. >> Full equation: At time (t) the T~~time~~ = T~~final~~ + (T~~start~~ - T~~final~~ )*e^^-k*time^^ (where "k" is the decay constant unique to each material). This is a natural logarithm function. Curve fitting in LoggerPro will verify this.
!Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation * ''Attractive force between any two masses in the universe.'' * Little "g" is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet at a known elevation. ** @@ F~~weight~~ = mass * g@@ ** g~~earth~~ at sea level = 9.81 m/s^^2^^ ** g~~mars~~ at zero elevation = 3.73 m/s^^2^^ * @@Big "G" is the universal gravitational constant@@ whose calculation in the early 19th century was made possible by the English scientist Henry Cavendish's measurements of the Earth's density and mass in 1798. ** ''@@color:red;"G" = 6.67E-11 N* m^^2^^/ kg^^2^^@@''. @@Store this in your calculator.@@ | Key fact: Gravity's attraction changes ''exponentially'' as the distance (radius between objects) changes. @@Gravity is ~ to radius^^2^^@@ | [img[relationship between big and little gravity constants| * Universal Law was published by Halley in 1688 for IsaacNewton in the __Principia__. This amazing set of relationship connected the motions in the heavens to motion in the earthly realm for the first time (Newton's falling apple and the falling moon). ** @@"G" = 6.67E-11 N* m^^2^^/ kg^^2^^@@ * This is an ''Inverse-SquareLaw'' since gravity appears as a force field that emanates outwards in a sphere from a single point- the center of gravity. ** @@color:red;''force field strength ~ 1/ r^^2^^''@@ |[img[Newton's LAw of Universal Gravitation|
!3 laws of Thermodynamics (ThermalEnergy). ''__1st law of Thermodynamics: __'' You’ll always break even! Conservation of Energy. > Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another. * "Although [[Energy]] assumes many forms, the ''total quantity of energy is constant'', and when energy disappears in one form, it appears simultaneously in other forms, like heat." * You can't gain heat, or move it, without something else losing some. * Thermal energy always moves from areas of higher temperature to areas of lower temperature. ** This is the basis of HeatTransfer. ** @@Gradients!@@ Without them, engines stop working. * If you track the energy added to a system (like an engine) it will go into one of two things: heat (Q) or mechanical work (W). This rule was devised by French military engineer Sadi Carnot around 1824. ** Work done (W) = Heat of a system (Q) - [[Internal Energy of a system (U)| *** More Work can be done when a large amount of heat (the source) is connected to an system with small internal energy (the colder sink). *** Q= dependent upon the mass, temp change, and C~~p~~ of the heat source *** U = Total energy, both potential and kinetic, of molecules in a system. The lower the kinetic energy in a system, the lower the temperature. ** [[Graphic describing the equation: Total change in internal energy (ΔU) = Heat added to system (Q) - Work being done (W)| ''__2nd law of thermodynamics:__'' or the ''Law of [[Entropy]]'': Disorder rules! > All systems tend to become more disorganized, random, and full of lower quality energy over time. AbsoluteZero is a point of frozen non-change that can never be reached. * A closed system gets more disorderly due to random heat being generated. * "The [[Entropy]] "S" must always increase or remain constant for an isolated system." * Even if you do work to reverse disorder, you’ll always get low-quality waste heat as the “change” left over after the transaction. * You have to do ''external work on a system'' to cause some part to become colder (as in the refrigerator schematic below ([[Source|)) or reverse entropy. | Entropy increases |[img[Refrigerator system parts| Entropy decreases | ''__3rd law of thermodynamics__'' > It is impossible to reach AbsoluteZero. * "As a system asymptotically approaches a temperature of absolute zero, all processes virtually cease and the entropy of the system asymptotically approaches a minimum value."
/***
|Name:|LessBackupsPlugin|
|Description:|Intelligently limit the number of backup files you create|
|Version:|3.0.1a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird|
|Email:||
|License:|
!!Description
You end up with just backup one per year, per month, per weekday, per hour, minute, and second. So total number won't exceed about 200 or so. Can be reduced by commenting out the seconds/minutes/hours line from modes array
!!Notes
Works in IE and Firefox only. Algorithm by Daniel Baird. IE specific code by by Saq Imtiaz.
***/
//{{{
var MINS = 60 * 1000;
var HOURS = 60 * MINS;
var DAYS = 24 * HOURS;
if (!config.lessBackups) { config.lessBackups = { // comment out the ones you don't want or set config.lessBackups.modes in your 'tweaks' plugin modes: [ ["YYYY", 365*DAYS], // one per year for ever ["MMM", 31*DAYS], // one per month ["ddd", 7*DAYS], // one per weekday //["d0DD", 1*DAYS], // one per day of month ["h0hh", 24*HOURS], // one per hour ["m0mm", 1*HOURS], // one per minute ["s0ss", 1*MINS], // one per second ["latest",0] // always keep last version. (leave this). ] };
}
window.getSpecialBackupPath = function(backupPath) { var now = new Date(); var modes = config.lessBackups.modes; for (var i=0;i<modes.length;i++) { // the filename we will try var specialBackupPath = backupPath.replace(/(\.)([0-9]+\.[0-9]+)(\.html)$/, '$1'+now.formatString(modes[i][0]).toLowerCase()+'$3') // open the file try { if (config.browser.isIE) { var fsobject = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject") var fileExists = fsobject.FileExists(specialBackupPath); if (fileExists) { var fileObject = fsobject.GetFile(specialBackupPath); var modDate = new Date(fileObject.DateLastModified).valueOf(); } } else { netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalXPConnect"); var file = Components.classes["@"].createInstance(Components.interfaces.nsILocalFile); file.initWithPath(specialBackupPath); var fileExists = file.exists(); if (fileExists) { var modDate = file.lastModifiedTime; } } } catch(e) { // give up return backupPath; } // expiry is used to tell if it's an 'old' one. Eg, if the month is June and there is a // June file on disk that's more than an month old then it must be stale so overwrite // note that "latest" should be always written because the expiration period is zero (see above) var expiry = new Date(modDate + modes[i][1]); if (!fileExists || now > expiry) return specialBackupPath; }
}
// hijack the core function
window.getBackupPath_mptw_orig = window.getBackupPath;
window.getBackupPath = function(localPath) { return getSpecialBackupPath(getBackupPath_mptw_orig(localPath));
}
//}}}! Great repository for learning in the ancient world, 283 BCE - 415 AD (?). * All ships docking in the busy port that lay near the mouth of the Nile had to surrender all written materials to be copied before leaving port. * Modeled after the Lyceum of AriStotle in Athens. Our Green Library's design, modeled after Oxford's library, is inspired by this great library. * It was burned and sacked several times after the fall of Rome. ** Unfortunately, the modern Library of Alexandria that is designed to be a universal repository of mankind's knowledge is also [[facing the same issues as it's famous namesake.| * [[Overview of the destruction of the library.| * <html><a href="" target="_blank">Location in Google Maps</a></html> | Pharos lighthouse of Alexandria leading ships safely into harbor. | !Cosmos: Episode 13, "Unafraid of the Dark". National Geographic Video with Neil ~DeGrasse Tyson. [[Hard link if video doesn't load| | |[img[Pharos lighthouse of Alexandria| |<html><iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>|
!Life Sequence of a star is determined by it's mass. * Birth, life, and the violent deaths of stars = Stellar Evolution. | Life Sequence of a Star. [[Source: Factmonster.com| | |[img[Life sequence of a star|
![[Waves]] of TransVerse, oscillating electric and magnetic fields * Consists of ElectroMagnetic energy. ** To @@color:red;see how charged particles like electrons generate light@@, see this [[great applet at Physics 2000| (requires Javascript permissions). ** The book refers to electrons as "tiny tuning forks" that each have their own natural vibration rate or [[resonant frequency|ReSonance]]. ** Why this is the case will be left to Chapter 14 in Hewitt. * Can also behave as bundles of pure radiant energy known as [[Photons]]. * Moves at about 3E8 m/s in a vacuum = C~~light~~ (wave speed of light). ** C~~light~~ = wavelength~~light~~ * frequency~~light~~ = λ * Hz = 3E8 m/s ** This is the absolute maximum speed limit of matter and energy in the universe. ** For this self-perpetuating ElectroMagnetic wave to exist, it can @@color:red;ONLY@@ move at this single velocity! |![[Light]]'s EM [[Fields|ElectroMagnetic]] are 90 degrees to each other (red & blue oscillating fields below. There is no matter required to vibrate- just pure energy). | | [img[Electromagnetic radiation or light has 2 transverse components: electric + magnetic fields| | * [[Color]] is due to the wavelength of VisibleLight the HumanEye perceives from an object.
!The Firestation experiment aboard the orbiting ISS will look at the tops of thunderstorms <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
! Finding Line of Best Fit = Linear Regression (~LinReg (ax+b)) on the calculator
# Enter data for the problem by choosing ''STAT'', ''EDIT'',
# Input = ''L1'', output = ''L2'' (clear lists by placing arrow on List name, ''CLEAR''). Enter your data in the appropriate list. You can use other Lists if you desire, but you need to make note of where you place these:
## Input = independent variable
## Output = dependent variable
# To graph, choose @@''2^^nd^^''@@, ''Y='' (''STATPLOT'').
# Choose ''Plot1'', ''ENTER''. Turn on ''Plot1'' ''ON'', choose connect the dots, & choose a marker symbol. Clear other plots and graphs.
## IF you are using some other list than L~~1~~ or L~~2~~, you'll need to select the appropriate ''Lists'' under ''Plot'' for your inputs and outputs. Use the @@''2^^nd^^''@@ key to select the number on the keypad that has the list associated with it that your desire.
# Hit ''GRAPH''. Adjust your ''WINDOW'' so that you can zoom in on your data.
## The X-axis (input) needs a ''X~~min~~'' that is just smaller than your smallest input value and an ''X~~max~~'' that is bigger than your largest input value.
## The Y-axis (output) needs a ''Y~~min~~'' that is just smaller than your smallest output value and a ''Y~~max~~'' that is bigger than your largest output value.
## Hit ''GRAPH'' to see the zoomed in plot.
## You may need to record this graph's appearance.
# Choose ''STAT'' again, ''CALC'', ''4:~LinReg (ax+b)'', ''ENTER''.
# ''~LinReg'' automatically finds the slope (“a”) and y-intercept (“b”) of L~~1~~ vs. L~~2~~. Hit ''ENTER'' again. Write these values in the format [[y =ax +b|Slope-InterceptForm]].
## IF you are using some other list than L~~1~~ or L~~2~~, you'll need to select the appropriate ''Lists'' for your inputs and outputs. After you have started ~LinReg, choose the @@''2^^nd^^''@@ key to state the desired input list first, then state the output list second __before hitting ''ENTER''__.!The imaginary straight line that projectiles would follow if no unbalanced forces acted upon them 1. Newton's 1st Law would provide a straight line, constant speed path that could be described by: ** y = mx + b where m = slope of the line or ** actual velocity (v~~y~~ in m/s) and b= height above the ground (y-axis intercept) in meters ** (y = d~~y~~ = meters above the ground; t = time = seconds). ** ''So Height (D~~y~~) at any time (t) = V~~y~~ *t + height above ground at start.'' * Unfortunately, V~~y~~ changes every second due to "g" in the downwards direction! So we MUST USE ANOTHER KNOWN ITEM (the acceleration) TO FIND D~~y~~! ** Substitute for ΔV~~y~~ = -g * t. ** This is shown below when we factor in gravity. * When we write down these equations in a graphing calculator we replace "t" with "X" as the input. [img[Line of departure is dotted| * Unbalanced forces such as [[Gravity|LawOfUniversalGravitation]] alter the path into a parabola. ** Air resistance and turbulence can severely alter the forward motion of the projectile but ''WILL NOT BE CALCULATED IN OUR PROBLEMS!'' [img[gravity's pull downwards from the line of departure| 2. Line of Departure + gravity's effects = a parabolic path * Gravity's effects cause the -D~~y~~ (down distance) to increase by the [[square of the time falling.|GaliLeo]] * The exact equation for gravity's effects: -D~~y~~ = ½* -g* t^^2^^ @@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;display:block;border:1px solid black;Combined final equation for vertical position: -D~~y~~ = (½* -g* t^^2^^) + (V~~y~~* t + height)@@ @@text-shadow:black 3px 3px 8px;font-size:14pt;text-align:center;display:block;border:1px solid black;Combined final equation for horizontal position: D~~x~~ = V~~x~~* t~~total~~@@ !! So V~~x~~ is independent of V~~y~~. These two components add by vector addition to make the V~~actual~~ (which changes every instant due to the unbalanced force of gravity).
!Vernier's Data analysis program used in the StMarks Science Department. > Vernier's site license software allows home installation by StMarks students to read the data files generated via the LabQuest. * @@Last major update: 12/2015 to version 3.10@@ //size = 319 MB// * ''After the file has downloaded to your computer, double-click the file, and enter the password to install the software.'' ======================================== !Logger Pro 3.10.1 Installer Downloads # Choose one of the following downloads below: ## [[Windows with sample movies (319 MB)| ## [[Mac OS X with sample movies (146 MB)| | Password: @@conservation@@ | 2. [[After the basic install is done you can check for recent updates.| ======================================== *Detailed ~Step-by-Step Guide ** Do you need more detailed instructions on how to download and install the software? [[Please read the detailed download instructions online.| > [[Quick reference manual| ======================================== * There is an ''app'' for reading these files on the iPad and Android (you'll have to pull the data files from an email) ** See info on the [[Graphical Analysis app here.|
!Software that reads the labquest data files *(.qmbl) * Software made by [[Vernier| out of Portland, Oregon. * We have a site license for this software. * @@The password for installation will be listed in the 8th science class section of smtexas.org.@@ |[[Logger Pro 3.8.6 with sample movies (Windows) download.| |[[Logger Pro 3.8.6 with sample movies (Mac OS X) download.|Link: * [[Detailed Step-by-Step Installation Guide.|
!The 'Great Stink' > __Source:__ [[BBC - History - London's 'Great Stink' and Victorian Urban Planning| |<html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Detail from 'Punch' cartoon, depicting "King Cholera"" width="500" border="0" /><br /></div></html>|<html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Detail from 'Punch' cartoon, depicting "Father Thames" offspring width="500" border="0" /><br /></div></html>| |Above: //'Punch' cartoon: King Cholera// [[Source: Lifescience.org | Above://Proposal for a mural on the walls of Parliament about Father Thames. Cholera on far right// | >"The appearance of ''cholera'' from ''Asia in 1831'' provided another powerful incentive. The wealthy were not immune to it - indeed, it's possible they were the group who were most vulnerable to the illness. Water closets (//toilets//) were adopted by the more affluent households of London in the early 19th century, in place of privies and" CessPools. > "As a result, sewers @@originally intended to take rain water into the Thames now carried raw sewage@@ - which was then extracted by the water companies to be drunk by their customers (see [[Miasma]]). The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers had responsibility for the situation, but didn't have the power to impose sufficient taxes to solve the problem." >"'Such was the overpowering smell ... that the curtains of the Commons were soaked in chloride of lime ...' > The crisis came to a peak in the @@'Great Stink' of London in 1858.@@ Such was the overpowering smell from the Thames, that the curtains of the Commons were soaked in chloride of lime in a vain attempt to protect the sensitivities of Members of Parliament. It is no surprise that a bill was rushed through Parliament and became law in 18 days, to provide more money to construct a massive new sewer scheme for London, and to build the Embankment along the Thames in order to improve the flow of water and of traffic." > "Building London’s sewers was the biggest civil engineering project in the world at the time. Sadly, delays to allow the embankments to also house new Underground lines meant that a final cholera epidemic hit London in 1866. The sewers were completed around 1870, with two extra sewers added about 1910. Still in use today, they can handle up to 1.8 billion litres (400 million gallons) of sewage a day. Although they are in great need of repair and replacement, London without them is unthinkable." [[Source:History.co.uk| * See how the [[new sewer system for Parliament looked in 1887.| * [[Photo essay of the London Underground sewer system that dates from the 1860's| * Note: Dallas' sewer projects developed to prevent just such cholera epidemics: "In the 1800's wastewater management consisted of releasing untreated wastewater directly into the Trinity River. In 1913 the Texas legislature passed an anti-pollution law that directed all cities with populations greater than 50,000 to cease discharging untreated wastewater into streams. In January 1917 Dallas completed a 6 million US gallons (23,000 m^^3^^) per day wastewater treatment plant, the Central WWTP, to comply with this law. The plant was expanded to keep up with Dallas’ growth in the 1920s. Service was expanded to Highland Park and University Park in the 1930s." [[Source: Wikipedia|
!MIT Freshmen Mechanics lecture from 1999 * Firing a rifle bullet into the block @ 8:20 in the video <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html>
!__M__onkey __P__irate __T__iddly__W__iki [img[Monkey Pirate TiddlyWiki| MPTW is a distribution or edition of TiddlyWiki that includes a standard TiddlyWiki core packaged with some plugins designed to improve usability and provide a better way to organise your information. For more information see
!Ch10Hewitt topics
!Patches of atoms with aligned magnetic fields = stronger field lines. * Random alignment= no __net__ magnetic field. * Alignment due to the presence of a strong external magnetic field can allow molten iron minerals to a create permanent magnetized mineral or lodestone. | Magnetic domains: scrambled at left (no net MagneticField); aligned in magnetic material at right. | |[img[magnetic domain| | [[Image Source| |
!Force field lines of equivalent strength extending out of the North Pole of a magnet and entering at the South Pole. * Actually a 3D topographic map of magnetic field strength. * North poles point north, south poles point south. ** North pole designated @@color:red;red@@; south pole designated @@color:blue;blue@@ or white. ** North field lines emerge @@out@@ of the north pole and then bend @@to insert@@ into the south pole. ** ''Mnemonic: @@color:red;N.O.R.@@'' = @@color:red;N@@orth @@color:red;O@@ut @@color:red;R@@ed //sounds like "north""//. * EarthsMagneticField protects the surface from the worse effects of charged particles ejected from the sun. This protective force field is responsible for the Auroras at the poles where the field lines concentrate. ** See SolarStorms. | Magnetic field comparison of the EarthsMagneticField to a bar magnet. [[Source: Hyperphysics at GSU.| | | [img[magnetic field| |
[[Current Month|HW-10-1617]] [[ Calendar]] [[Physics]] HewittBook ScienceSpheres Exam-Physics [[ExtraCredit]] <<tag Video>> CopyRight
MappingTheUniverse [[Test Objectives|HW-2006/9/22-8th]]
!How Does Science Create Meaning in the Universe? > What differentiates science from religion and art? | Ch01Hewitt | MappingTheUniverse-Objectives | Video-Mapping | | !Link | !Description |>| |[[JOHN SNOW & the BROAD STREET PUMP| example of using mathematics and rigorous mapping of data to allow an experiment to disprove a hypothesis, namely that a single well pump was the source of cholera infections in London in the 1830's |>| | [[PaleBlueDot]] |//__The Pale Blue Dot__// Video Series- An intro teaser to Carl Sagan's ode to humanity's experience on the third rock from Sol. |>| | !1502 map of the world. |>|>| |>|>| [img[Cantino planisphere circa 1502| |
! Nature of Science Objectives for Ch01Hewitt & Scientific Mapping
* It is highly recommended you print these out. Better yet, copy and paste all of them into Word and add spaces between objectives where you can write your responses in ''bold-faced type''.
** Written review would be in the form of notes-to-self: make yourself a study guide that reminds you of what has been covered.
''Concepts to know:''
# Distinguish between ''awe-wonder and curiosity-wonder''. Explain how you believe they are involved in the process called science.
# Explain ''how science, as a culture, makes maps of the universe'' that are ''distinct'' from those made by artists, religious entities, or businesses.
## What areas can science NOT make maps of? Why or why not?
# Identify the crucial things that scientists do to ensure that they have created accurate maps of the universe. Explain each of the seven landmarks of science (''C.O.M.S.T.A.R.'') and give a specific example of each in action. and the origins of these landmarks of science.
## Why was JohnSnow’s pursuit of cholera a good example of these landmarks being put to use?
## ''@@color:green;__Curiosity & Objectivity__:@@'' The Ionian Greeks focused on curiosity-wonder instead of awe-wonder as a sea-faring culture. Thales, the Father of Science, was Ionian. See NaturalPhilosophy.
## ''@@color:green;__Measurement, Simplicity, & Testing__:@@'' The language of mathematics to quantify nature started with ArchiMedes and the Astronomers. Careful repeated measurement in controlled experiments was GaliLeo's great contribution to modern science.
## ''@@color:green;__Accessibility & Room for Doubt__:@@'' Starting with [[Gutenberg's press|PrintingPress]], independent and peer-reviewed publications have been the democratic backbone of good science.
# Explain ''why maps invite action''. Give an example of this happening when research or exploration of an area or topic was finished.
# Distinguish scientific and nonscientific ideas from each other.
## What cultural factors will make [[containing the Ebola outbreak in West Africa| difficult to contain?
## How might such nonscientific beliefs be changed? How can you convince someone that [[their map of the universe is incomplete?|
# Know the vocabulary and concepts from Ch01Hewitt.
## Distinguish between ''scientific hypotheses, laws, principles, models, and [[theories|JustATheory]]''. Be able to give an example of each.
## Where does Darwin’s Evolution by Natural Selection idea fit in the categories above?
# Distinguish between ''research science, applied science, and technology''.
## How do these fields relate to one another?
# Define and identify scientific maps that are NOT bound by paper.
# Distinguish between ''correlation and cause-and-effect'' and give an example of each.
## Did Snow’s attempt at ending the East London CholeraEpidemic rely upon correlations or cause-and-effects (or both/neither)?
# Know the HistoryOfPhysics Questions #1-14 answers.
# TracingTheGreeksFire - What was the role of Arabic culture in preserving the knowledge of the Greek Humanists for 1200 years?
## Role of ThomasAquinas in adopting and modifying the 4 principles of Greek humanists.
# What circumstances can your identify that made Florence and Venice unique places for the burgeoning rebirth of interest in Humanism?
# Concepts to distinguish between:
## AriStotle (violent motion) vs. GaliLeo (inertia),
## AriStotle (heavier bodies fall faster) vs. GaliLeo (uniform acceleration in the absence of air resistance),
## AriStotle (observation) vs. ArchiMedes (experimentation).
# Why was challenging Aristotle's views of motion and Ptolemy's GeoCentric view of the universe so dangerous in 1610 CE?
## Why is GaliLeo known as the 'father of modern science'?<!--{{{-->
<link rel='alternate' type='application/rss+xml' title='RSS' href='index.xml'/>
<!--}}}-->
<style type="text/css">#contentWrapper {display:none;}</style><div><b>Rummel's 8th Physics Class Wiki</b> is loading<blink> ...</blink><br><br><span>Requires Javascript.</span></div>!Launched on 11-26-2011, this massive mobile robot landed in [[Gale Crater| on August 5, 2012. * [[Mission homepage at JPL| > "MSL's primary mission spans one Mars year (669 sols or 687 Earth days) after touchdown. Science team activities would terminate six months after the end of the surface mission, whether it ends after one Mars year or after any number of extensions." This is due to the power issues associated with recharging the solar powered batteries in the Martian winter. [[Source: JPL| | Comparision of the Curiosity rover side profile to a person. [[Source: Gizmag.com| | |[img[Comparision of the Curiosity rover to a person.| | Animation of the journey from the second stage of the Atlas V launch (the Centaur rocket) onwards. | | <html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> | | Details of the entry into the Martian atmosphere. [[Source:JPL| | | [img[descent stage msl on mars| |
|[img[PDF symbol|"Maxwell's Country" article.| Source: __The Economist__ magazine, 12/21/1991.| |[img[Word symbol|"Maxwell's Country" commentary and questions| commentary.doc]]|* Source: DougRummel |
!Why the world didn't end on 12/21/12: NASA video via the Guardian newspaper in the UK. <html> <iframe src="" scrolling="no" width="460px" height="397px"></iframe> </html>
> ''These are the topics your are responsible for knowing on the test. It is recommended that your write out responses to or notes-to-self about these __before__ the test.'' >> You can copy and paste all of them into Word and add spaces between objectives where you can write your responses in ''bold-faced type''. # Use common measuring tools to find the length, area, volume, mass, and densities of various volumes. ## How can you identify the level of accuracy of a tool? ## How can you ensure that the device is in calibration? # Create an ''escape diagram and unit grid'' to convert between different units using UnitAnalysis to cancel out unwanted units. ## Memorize the MetricPrefixTable (prefixes, abbreviations, powers) ## You will be given any English to Metric conversions you need. # Identify why the scientific method [[intially results in uncertainty (and confusion in the popular press).|CertainUncertaintyQuestions]] # Explain why being transparent about the degree of uncertainty in a measurement or calculation is crucial to doing good science. ## Identify why or how that uncertainty should be decreased over time as science does it's work. ## Given a reading, be able to identify the constraints on certainty that the author has placed on their results. # Define and design a fair or controlled experiment given a variable to investigate.
| Factor by which a mechanism multiplies the force put into it by the distance that force is applied over in SimpleMachines.| * [[Wikipedia definition| * Mechanical Advantage is a unit-less ratio that should always be @@larger than@@ one. * Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) is that value with frictionless surfaces. | Various SimpleMachines and their Ideal Mechanical Advantage or IMA calculations (no friction!) |>| | <html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Ideal Mechanical Advantage or IMA for various machines" width="350" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html> | |~| Force ~~effort~~ = F ~~e~~ = Force ~~input~~ by you ''on the machine''. | |~| Force ~~load~~ or Force ~~resistance~~ = F ~~r~~ or F ~~l~~ = Force ~~output~~ by the machine ''on an object''. | |~| //Example:// IMA = Force ~~output~~ / Force ~~input~~ | |~| //Example:// IMA = Distance ~~input~~ / Distance ~~output~~ |
!KineticEnergy found in the motion of objects above the atomic scale * Normal KE of objects at the human scale ** Examples: car in motion, thrown football, tree falling, etc.
!PlayerPlugin usage and examples
!!!Examples
To view these examples click on the link. The code example is posted below.
!!!!Windows Media Player #1
[[Times Square Live Webcam]]
{{{
<<player id=1
}}}
!!!!RealOne Player #2 requires a plug-in for your browser. Works best in Internet Explorer.
[[BBC London: Live and Recorded news]]
{{{
<<player id=2
}}}
!!!!Quicktime Player #3
[[Cog The Robot mimics sign language]]
{{{
<<player id=3
}}}
!!!!Flash Player #4
SkierRace
{{{
<<player id=4
}}}
Google Video Player #5 is now ''YouTube Player #6''.
{{{
<<player id=5 flash URL width height>>
}}}
!!!!YouTube Player #6
[[Web 2.0 video]]
* ''Note:'' Youtube's movie URL's include a "watch?v=" segment that needs to be changed to just "/v/" in order to load the movie properly (//@@color:red;youtube.com''/v/unique ID code''@@// ''width height'' //in pixels//)
{{{
<<player id=6 flash 425 350>>
}}}
!!Still Images
[[GIF Player #7]] (best for illustrations, animations, diagrams, etc.)
{{{
<<player id=7 image FileLocation.gif auto auto>>
}}}
[[JPG Player #8]] (best for photographs, scanned images, etc.)
{{{
<<player id=8 image FileLocation.jpg width height>>
}}}
!!!!!Revision History
<<<
''2008.01.30 DCR'' copied plugin usage and added new examples to this tiddler.
* The PlayerPlugin was developed by Eric Shulman from [[ELS Design Studios|http:/!International Units of Measure for all scientists based on quantifiable standards since the early 19th century. |>|[img[PDF symbol| [[Metric Pyramid| |
!Derived units in the metric system [img[Derived SI units|
* The basic metric prefixes that you will need for this class are listed in a table below. Also included are the symbols and meanings of each prefix in several formats. ''You will need to memorize their names, symbols, and exponents.'' |!Prefix |''Symbol In English ''|!Numerical equivalent | ''Power of 10'' | !Calculator Symbol |''Exponent Notation'' | |Exa | E | Quintillion | 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 | 1x 10^^18^^ | 1 E 18 | |Peta | P | Quadrillion | 1,000,000,000,000,000 | 1x 10^^15^^ | 1 E 15 | |Tera | T | Trillion | 1,000,000,000,000 | 1x 10^^12^^ | 1 E 12 | |Giga | G | Billion | 1,000,000,000 | 1x 10^^9^^ | 1 E 9 | |Mega | M | Million | 1,000,000 | 1 x 10^^6^^ | 1 E 6 | |kilo | k | thousand | 1,000 | 1 x 10^^3^^ | 1 E 3 | |hecto | h | hundred | 100 | 1 x 10^^2^^ | 1 E 2 | |deka | da | ten | 10 | 1 x 10^^1^^ | 1 E 1 | |!''base unit'' | !g,m,s,C, etc. | !one | !1 | !1 x 10^^0^^ | !1 E 0 | |deci | d | tenth | 0.1 | 1 x 10^^-1^^ | 1 E -1 | |centi | c | hundredth | 0.01 | 1 x 10-2 | 1 E -2 | |milli | m | thousandth | 0.001 | 1 x 10^^-3^^ | 1 E -3 | |micro | μ | millionth | 0.000001 | 1 x 10^^-6^^ | 1 E -6 | |nano | n | billionth | 0.000000001 | 1 x 10^^-9^^ | 1 E -9 | |pico | p | trillionth | 0.000000000001 | 1 x 10^^-12^^ | 1 E -12 | |femto | f | quadrillionth | 0.000000000000001 | 1 x 10^^-15^^ | 1 E -15 | |atto | a | quintillionth | 0.000000000000000001 | 1 x 10^^-18^^ | 1 E -18 |
* Printout the [img[PDF symbol| Pyramid| and place it in the handout section.
!Brief intro to moving the decimal point to convert between named metric prefixes |[img[PDF symbol| [[Metric Stairways to Success| Stairways to Success.pdf]]|
!Assumptions can box you into a pine coffin... "On the eve of a cholera epidemic, the Metropolitan Commission on sewers proudly announced that 30,000 cesspools had been abolished and the waste flushed directly into the river. Their inhabitants were now – in theory – safer from the allegedly infectious “miasma” of smell around those CessPools. What resulted was the rapid onslaught of 15,000 deaths, as Steven Johnson recently pointed out in book "The Ghost Map"." | Hunting for the 'smells' of miasma in the 1840's in London: the evil odors that 'cause' sickness. [[Source.| | |[img[Searching for the source of cholera| |
!Image of what we think our own Milky Way galaxy looks like from an overhead view. * The red dot (centered on Sol) is about 100 light years across. * The four arms are called Perseus, Sagittarius, Norma and ~Scutum-Crux. Our region is called the Orion Arm or the Local Spur Arm. * The galactic core contains (a) supermassive BlackHole(s) <<player id=8 600 400>> > [[Source.|
!2011's top indie video game is written in java. * [[Homepage.| [img[minecraft pick- don't leave home wihtout it!|
!Ch06Hewitt handout over the ConservationOfEnergy |[img[PDF symbol|
!"B" to "A" level [[Momentum]] problems |[img[Word symbol| Vs. Energy Synthesis Problem Set #1|
!Answer key |[img[Word symbol| [[Mo-EnergySynthesisProbs1 Answer Key|
!"B" to "A" level [[Momentum]] problems |[img[Word symbol| Synthesis Problem Set #2|
!Mo-EnergySynthesisProbs2 Answers |[img[Word symbol| [[Momentum Vs. Energy Synthesis Problem Set #2 Answers|
! "A" Level Ch05Hewitt and Ch06Hewitt synthesis problems |[img[Word symbol|
!Mo-EnergySynthesisProbs3 Answers |[img[Word symbol| [[Momentum Vs. Energy Synthesis Problem Set #3 Answers|
* 5 harder problems on the conservation of energy, momentum vector addition, and finding rocket impulse off a graph. |[img[PDF symbol| [[Mo-EnergySynthesisProbs3A|
!Momentum and Impulse conceptual questions that combine Ch05Hewitt and Ch06Hewitt. |[img[PDF symbol|
|[img[Word symbol| Key|
!Momentum Vector addition problem and conceptual questions that combine Ch05Hewitt and Ch06Hewitt. |[img[Word symbol| * Roller coaster and thrown ball conservation of energy and momentum problems.
|[img[Word symbol| [[Mo-EnergySynthesisProbsB Answer Key|
!Integrating momentum and energy. |[img[Word symbol| |
!Answer key |[img[Word symbol| [[Mo-EnergySynthesisProbsC Answer Key|
!Handouts included in this section:
|[img[PDF symbol| Systems Conceptual Questions| * Man with a shotgun and recoil; Internal vs. external forces acting on systems.
!Concepts from Ch05Hewitt and Ch06Hewitt
> These concepts are to be explained and used in solving problems in the [[Momentum]] & [[Energy]] unit.
| These formulas (without their units) ''will be given to you'' on the top of the first sheet of the test. You will need to know the @@color:green;''metric units''@@ for each of these quantities. |
* ConservationOfMomentum
* ConservationOfEnergy
* ''p'' = [[Momentum]] = m * v = ''@@color:green;//kg * m/s//@@''
* ''F * t'' = ''impulse'' = ''Δ (m * v)'' = change in momentum due to force applied over time = ''@@color:green;//N * s = kg * m/s//@@''
** Inelastic collisions = ''F * t'' = ''m * Δ v'' when objects stick together. Be able to create and use an [[Inelastic Collision table|ConservationOfMomentum]].
** Elastic collisions = ''F * 2t'' = ''m * 2Δv'' (as a bonus problem) when objects bounce without generating waste heat.
*** Elastic impacts have ''twice the time'' because they slow down at impact and then bounce backwards in a symmetrical fashion.
*** Doing an ElasticCollisionTable will be @@bonus@@ on the test.
* [[Work]] = F * d = N * m = ''@@color:green;//Joules = J//@@''
** The force and distance must be in the ''same direction'' to do work.
* [[Energy]] = amount of [[Work]] being done = ''F * d = m * a * d'' = ''@@color:green;//N * m = Joules//@@''
** Potential or positional energy is [[Work]] stored due to the potential force of an attracted or repelled object held at a distance.
*** [[GPE]] = gravitational potential energy = ''F~~w~~ * height = m * a * d'' = ''@@color:green;//N * m = Joule//@@''
*** Elastic PE (springs and bouncy materials store energy due to attractive/repulsive forces)
*** Chemical PE (chemical bonds are atomic scale 'springs')
*** Electrical PE (electrons and electron holes store energy due to attractive/repulsive forces).
* [[Work]] = Δ KineticEnergy (''Work-Energy theorem'')
** If an object isn't changing position or velocity there is no external work being done on that object.
** KineticEnergy = ''1/2 * m * v^^2^^ ''='' @@color:green;//J//@@''
* [[Power]] = Work / time = ''@@color:green;//Joules / sec// = //Watt//@@'' (see PowerVsForce)
* Efficiency of SimpleMachines = distance output/ distance input = force input / force output
** Also termed MechanicalAdvantage.
!!Good example questions:
* Any of the Momentum-Probs (answer keys are posted there).
* Any of the [[Mo-Energy Problems]].!Rotational Moment of Inertia formulas from FoxTrot. > [[Source: MrNorton.com| [img[Rotational Inertia formulas|
! Newton called it "bashing-power" * symbol 'p' or greek 'rho' symbolized by ''ρ'' * Defined as ''(mass)*(velocity) = kg* m/s'' !ConservationOfMomentum * Total momentum in a system cannot be created or destroyed. * ''Sum of ρ~~before event~~ = Sum of ρ~~after event~~'' ** See Video-Momentum for some examples of this. !Impulse Equation * F * t = impulse = change in momentum = Δ (mass)*(velocity) ! ''Collisions'' * Elastic = 'Bounce' = F * 2t = m * Δ2v * Inelastic = 'Stick' = F * t = m * Δv !Momentum is a vector quantity * Right-angle collisions can have their momentum vectors added by the PythagoreanTheorem. | Ch05Hewitt | Mo_Energy-Objectives include Ch06Hewitt |
!Problem Sets involving [[Momentum]] and [[Impulse]].
!Concept of [[Impulse]]. |[img[Word symbol| [[Momentum Problem Set I| Problems 1 07.doc]] | * 10 Questions over basic impulse equations.
|[img[PDF symbol| Problem Set 1A| Problem Set 1A.pdf]]| * Elementary momentum equations. * Worth 1 pt per question = 7 pts. * Work directly on the sheet. Box final answer. * Use UnitAnalysis to get all units into kg, m, and seconds!
|[img[PDF symbol| Vs. Energy Vs. Power overview|
|''URL:''| |''Description:''|a tiddlywiki distribution and plugins| |''Author:''|SimonBaird|
!Islamic Caliphate that ruled the Iberian Peninsula from Cordoba, 756 CE - 1236 CE. * Renowned for their technology and cosmopolitan outlook, the Moors (and the [[exiled Umayyads who ruled in Cordoba|) were far ahead of their Christian counterparts at this time in medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and mechanics. * See the growth of the ArabicCaliphates preceding and following the death of [[Muhammad the Prophet (632 CE)| |"They achieved the highest level in the arts and sciences of civilization to that point in human history. Inheriting and translating the ''scholarly works of the Greeks and Persians'', they added new and important innovations from outside, such as the use and manufacture of ''paper from China'' and the ''decimal system imported from India.'' | | "Within the span of two hundred years, the Moors had turned Andalusian Spain into a @@bastion of culture, commerce and beauty@@. Irrigation systems imported from Syria and Arabia (see [[Archimede's Screw machine|ArchiMedes]]) turned the dry plains of the peninsula into an agricultural cornucopia. To native olives and wheat, the Moors added fruits and herbs from throughout the known world - pomegranates, oranges, lemons, artichokes, cumin, coriander, bananas, almonds, henna, saffron, sugar-cane, cotton, rice, figs, grapes, peaches, apricots and rice as standard crops." | | [[Quotes Source: Mark Silverberg| | | !The great Mosque of Cordoba embodies the mathematical precision of a culture that celebrated the divine without using human images. | | [img[Mosque of Cordoba| | | * The red granite columns above were recycled from the Roman ruins of a temple to Janus that existed in this same site. | | !Map of the West in about 850 AD | | [img[Western world in about 850 AD | |
!MOTION PROBLEM SET #1. > To print this set, move your mouse to the upper right of this entry and choose //''"close others"''// from the menu. Then go to your browser command line and choose ''File > Print''. * Show your setup and box your final answer on graph paper (or notepaper if it is unavailable!). * Every number must have a unit label (m, s, m/s, etc.). Box your final answer. * You can type your ''setups and answers'' or write them on graph paper. * Spend 45 minutes max on this! 1. IF a RATE = an EVENT per unit of TIME then Rate = event/ time interval. So speed = change in position / change in time = displacement / time interval = change in distance traveled/ time interval > Rewrite or solve the speed formula (using words instead of symbols) so that it reads: * 1a) distance covered = * 1b) time interval = 2. What is the average speed in m/s of a small baboon that runs 278 meters in 10 minutes? 3. How long will it take to a Chevy to cover 3.4 kilometers if its average speed is 70 km per hour? 4. If a paper airplane travels for 39 seconds at 40 centimeters per second how far does it travel in dekameters? 5. A ostrich runs along side a jeep for 20 minutes at a rate of 30 mph. How far did it run in meters? (HINT: USE UNIT ANALYSIS to cancel out the units). 6. It takes approximately 8.3333 minutes for light to travel from the sun to the earth. The sun is about 93 000 000 miles away. What is the speed of light in KILOMETERS PER SECOND? 7. If it is 3,000 miles from L.A. to New York, then using your speed of light from #7, figure out how many trips between L.A. and New York can a beam of light make in one second. 8. Using a straight edge, construct two graphs (on graph paper) for the following distance vs. time data for the two car’s data points shown below. |''Car #1= (time (hr), distance (km))'' |''Car #2= (time (hr), distance (km))''| |(0, 0) |(0, 0)| |(0.5, 30) |(0.5, 40)| |(1.0, 60) |(1.0, 80)| |(1.5, 90) |(1.5, 80)| |(2, 120) |(2.0, 120)| * Looking at the graphs from #8, answer the following (#9-11) 9. Which car had the greatest average speed for the whole trip? Your proof? 10. Which car had the greatest change in velocity between 0.5 and 1.0 hours? 11. During what time interval(s) are both cars having a constant speed? 12. What is the average speed of a cheetah that covers half a mile in 24 seconds- in miles per hour? 13. What is acceleration? How do you know when an object is accelerating? Give three examples of acceleration you might encounter in a day. 14. A person riding in a bus cannot find a seat, so he stands in the aisle. Explain what happens to the person when: a) the bus starts up from a stop b) the moving bus accelerates to increase speed c) the bus moves a constant speed d) the bus slows down e) the bus turns a corner to the right
* Correct your work and be prepared to ask questions if you still are having problems. |[img[PDF symbol| [[MotionProbSet1-Answers|
* Do work directly on the printed sheet | [img[PDF symbol| [[Motion Problem Set #2 | |
> Print and work directly on the sheet. |[[Motion Problem Set #3.jpg|
Name: MptwBlack Background: #000 Foreground: #fff PrimaryPale: #333 PrimaryLight: #555 PrimaryMid: #888 PrimaryDark: #aaa SecondaryPale: #111 SecondaryLight: #222 SecondaryMid: #555 SecondaryDark: #888 TertiaryPale: #222 TertiaryLight: #666 TertiaryMid: #888 TertiaryDark: #aaa Error: #300
Name: MptwBlue Background: #fff Foreground: #000 PrimaryPale: #cdf PrimaryLight: #57c PrimaryMid: #114 PrimaryDark: #012 SecondaryPale: #ffc SecondaryLight: #fe8 SecondaryMid: #db4 SecondaryDark: #841 TertiaryPale: #eee TertiaryLight: #ccc TertiaryMid: #999 TertiaryDark: #666 Error: #f88
//{{{
// Pretty sure this is incomplete and experimental
// TODO: Fix it or remove it.
(function($){
merge(config.macros,{ mptwCollapse: { handler: function(place,macroName,params) { createTiddlyButton(place, params[0] == '+' ? '\u25AD' : '\u25AC', 'collapse/uncollapse', function(){ $(story.findContainingTiddler(place)).toggleClass('collapsed'); }); } }
});
/* this doesn't work unless you have a modified ViewTempate */
config.shadowTiddlers["MptwCollapsePluginStyles"] = "" +".collapsed .uncollapsedView { display:none; }" +".collapsedView { display:none; }" +".collapsed .collapsedView { display:block; }" +".tiddler.collapsed { padding-bottom:1em; }" +".tiddler.collapsed .title { font-size:100%; }"
;
store.addNotification("MptwCollapsePluginStyles",refreshStyles);
})(jQuery);
//}}}/***
|Name:|MptwConfigPlugin|
|Description:|Miscellaneous tweaks used by MPTW|
|Version:|1.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!!Note: instead of editing this you should put overrides in MptwUserConfigPlugin
***/
//{{{
var originalReadOnly = readOnly;
var originalShowBackstage = showBackstage;
config.options.chkHttpReadOnly = false; // means web visitors can experiment with your site by clicking edit
readOnly = false; // needed because the above doesn't work any more post 2.1 (??)
showBackstage = true; // show backstage for same reason
config.options.chkInsertTabs = true; // tab inserts a tab when editing a tiddler
config.views.wikified.defaultText = ""; // don't need message when a tiddler doesn't exist
config.views.editor.defaultText = ""; // don't need message when creating a new tiddler
config.options.chkSaveBackups = true; // do save backups
config.options.txtBackupFolder = 'twbackup'; // put backups in a backups folder
config.options.chkAutoSave = (window.location.protocol == "file:"); // do autosave if we're in local file
config.mptwVersion = "2.5.3";
config.macros.mptwVersion={handler:function(place){wikify(config.mptwVersion,place);}};
if (config.options.txtTheme == '') config.options.txtTheme = 'MptwTheme';
// add to default GettingStarted
config.shadowTiddlers.GettingStarted += "\n\nSee also [[MPTW]].";
// add select theme and palette controls in default OptionsPanel
config.shadowTiddlers.OptionsPanel = config.shadowTiddlers.OptionsPanel.replace(/(\n\-\-\-\-\nAlso see \[\[AdvancedOptions\]\])/, "{{select{<<selectTheme>>\n<<selectPalette>>}}}$1");
// these are used by ViewTemplate
config.mptwDateFormat = 'DD/MM/YY';
config.mptwJournalFormat = 'Journal DD/MM/YY';
//}}}Name: MptwGreen Background: #fff Foreground: #000 PrimaryPale: #9b9 PrimaryLight: #385 PrimaryMid: #031 PrimaryDark: #020 SecondaryPale: #ffc SecondaryLight: #fe8 SecondaryMid: #db4 SecondaryDark: #841 TertiaryPale: #eee TertiaryLight: #ccc TertiaryMid: #999 TertiaryDark: #666 Error: #f88
Name: MptwRed Background: #fff Foreground: #000 PrimaryPale: #eaa PrimaryLight: #c55 PrimaryMid: #711 PrimaryDark: #500 SecondaryPale: #ffc SecondaryLight: #fe8 SecondaryMid: #db4 SecondaryDark: #841 TertiaryPale: #eee TertiaryLight: #ccc TertiaryMid: #999 TertiaryDark: #666 Error: #f88
|Name|MptwRounded|
|Description|Mptw Theme with some rounded corners (Firefox only)|
|ViewTemplate|MptwTheme##ViewTemplate|
|EditTemplate|MptwTheme##EditTemplate|
|PageTemplate|MptwTheme##PageTemplate|
|StyleSheet|##StyleSheet|
!StyleSheet
/*{{{*/
[[MptwTheme##StyleSheet]]
.tiddler,
.sliderPanel,
.button,
.tiddlyLink,
.tabContents
{ -moz-border-radius: 1em; }
.tab { -moz-border-radius-topleft: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius-topright: 0.5em;
}
#topMenu { -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 2em; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 2em;
}
/*}}}*/Name: MptwSmoke Background: #fff Foreground: #000 PrimaryPale: #aaa PrimaryLight: #777 PrimaryMid: #111 PrimaryDark: #000 SecondaryPale: #ffc SecondaryLight: #fe8 SecondaryMid: #db4 SecondaryDark: #841 TertiaryPale: #eee TertiaryLight: #ccc TertiaryMid: #999 TertiaryDark: #666 Error: #f88
|Name|MptwStandard| |Description|Mptw Theme with the default TiddlyWiki PageLayout and Styles| |ViewTemplate|MptwTheme##ViewTemplate| |EditTemplate|MptwTheme##EditTemplate|
Name: MptwTeal Background: #fff Foreground: #000 PrimaryPale: #B5D1DF PrimaryLight: #618FA9 PrimaryMid: #1a3844 PrimaryDark: #000 SecondaryPale: #ffc SecondaryLight: #fe8 SecondaryMid: #db4 SecondaryDark: #841 TertiaryPale: #f8f8f8 TertiaryLight: #bbb TertiaryMid: #999 TertiaryDark: #888 Error: #f88
|Name|MptwTheme|
|Description|Mptw Theme including custom PageLayout|
|PageTemplate|##PageTemplate|
|ViewTemplate|##ViewTemplate|
|EditTemplate|##EditTemplate|
|StyleSheet|##StyleSheet| ($Rev: 1829 $)
!PageTemplate
<!--{{{-->
<div class='header' macro='gradient vert [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]'> <div class='headerShadow'> <span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span> <span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span> </div> <div class='headerForeground'> <span class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span> <span class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></span> </div>
</div>
<!-- horizontal MainMenu -->
<div id='topMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div>
<!-- original MainMenu menu -->
<!-- <div id='mainMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div> -->
<div id='sidebar'> <div id='sidebarOptions' refresh='content' tiddler='SideBarOptions'></div> <div id='sidebarTabs' refresh='content' force='true' tiddler='SideBarTabs'></div>
</div>
<div id='displayArea'> <div id='messageArea'></div> <div id='tiddlerDisplay'></div>
</div>
<!--}}}-->
!ViewTemplate
<!--{{{-->
<div>
[[MptwTheme##ViewTemplateToolbar]]
<div macro="tags"></div>
<div class='titleContainer'> <span class='title' macro='view title'></span> <span macro="miniTag"></span>
</div>
<div class='subtitle'> (updated <span macro='view modified date {{config.mptwDateFormat?config.mptwDateFormat:"MM/0DD/YY"}}'></span> by <span macro='view modifier link'></span>) <!-- (<span macro='message views.wikified.createdPrompt'></span> <span macro='view created date {{config.mptwDateFormat?config.mptwDateFormat:"MM/0DD/YY"}}'></span>) -->
</div>
<div macro="showWhen tiddler.tags.containsAny(['css','html','pre','systemConfig']) && !tiddler.text.match('{{'+'{')"> <div class='viewer'><pre macro='view text'></pre></div>
</div>
<div macro="else"> <div class='viewer' macro='view text wikified'></div>
</div>
<div macro="tagglyTagging"></div>
</div>
<div> <span class='toolbar'> <span macro='toolbar closeTiddler'></span> <span macro='mptwCollapse +'></span> </span> <span class='title' macro='view title'></span>
</div>
<!--}}}-->
!ViewTemplateToolbar
<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar'> <span macro="showWhenTagged systemConfig"> <span macro="toggleTag systemConfigDisable . '[[disable|systemConfigDisable]]'"></span> </span> <span macro="showWhenTagged systemTheme"><span macro="applyTheme"></span></span> <span macro="showWhenTagged systemPalette"><span macro="applyPalette"></span></span> <span macro="showWhen tiddler.tags.contains('css') || tiddler.title == 'StyleSheet'"><span macro="refreshAll"></span></span> <span></span> <span macro='toolbar closeTiddler closeOthers +editTiddler deleteTiddler > fields syncing permalink references jump'></span> <span macro='newHere label:"new here"'></span> <span macro='newJournalHere {{config.mptwJournalFormat?config.mptwJournalFormat:"MM/0DD/YY"}}'></span> <!--span macro='mptwCollapse -'></span-->
</div>
<!--}}}-->
!EditTemplate
<!--{{{-->
<div macro="toolbar +saveTiddler saveCloseTiddler closeOthers -cancelTiddler cancelCloseTiddler deleteTiddler"></div>
<div macro="view title"></div>
<div>Title</div><div macro="edit title"></div>
<div macro='annotations'></div>
<div>Content</div><div macro="edit text"></div>
<div>Tags</div><div macro="edit tags"></div>
<div><span macro="message views.editor.tagPrompt"></span><span macro="tagChooser"></span></div>
<!--}}}-->
!StyleSheet
/*{{{*/
/* a contrasting background so I can see where one tiddler ends and the other begins */
body { background: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];
}
/* sexy colours and font for the header */
.headerForeground { color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
}
.headerShadow, .headerShadow a { color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];
}
/* separate the top menu parts */
.headerForeground, .headerShadow { padding: 1em 1em 0;
}
.headerForeground, .headerShadow { font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight:bold;
}
.headerForeground .siteSubtitle { color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]];
}
.headerShadow .siteSubtitle { color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];
}
/* make shadow go and down right instead of up and left */
.headerShadow { left: 1px; top: 1px;
}
/* prefer monospace for editing */
.editor textarea, .editor input { font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; background-color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]];
}
/* sexy tiddler titles */
.title { font-size: 250%; color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]]; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
}
/* more subtle tiddler subtitle */
.subtitle { padding:0px; margin:0px; padding-left:1em; font-size: 90%; color: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];
}
.subtitle .tiddlyLink { color: [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];
}
/* a little bit of extra whitespace */
.viewer { padding-bottom:3px;
}
/* don't want any background color for headings */
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { background-color: transparent; color: [[ColorPalette::Foreground]];
}
/* give tiddlers 3d style border and explicit background */
.tiddler { background: [[ColorPalette::Background]]; border-right: 2px [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]] solid; border-bottom: 2px [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]] solid; margin-bottom: 1em; padding:1em 2em 2em 1.5em;
}
/* make options slider look nicer */
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel { border:solid 1px [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]];
}
/* the borders look wrong with the body background */
#sidebar .button { border-style: none;
}
/* this means you can put line breaks in SidebarOptions for readability */
#sidebarOptions br { display:none;
}
/* undo the above in OptionsPanel */
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel br { display:inline;
}
/* horizontal main menu stuff */
#displayArea { margin: 1em 15.7em 0em 1em; /* use the freed up space */
}
#topMenu br { display: none;
}
#topMenu { background: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
}
#topMenu { padding:2px;
}
#topMenu .button, #topMenu .tiddlyLink, #topMenu a { margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]]; font-size: 115%;
}
#topMenu .button:hover, #topMenu .tiddlyLink:hover { background: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]];
}
/* make 2.2 act like 2.1 with the invisible buttons */
.toolbar { visibility:hidden;
}
.selected .toolbar { visibility:visible;
}
/* experimental. this is a little borked in IE7 with the button * borders but worth it I think for the extra screen realestate */
.toolbar { float:right; }
/* fix for TaggerPlugin. from sb56637. improved by FND */
.popup li .tagger a { display:inline;
}
/* makes theme selector look a little better */
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel .select .button { padding:0.5em; display:block;
}
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel .select br { display:none;
}
/* make it print a little cleaner */
@media print { #topMenu { display: none ! important; } /* not sure if we need all the importants */ .tiddler { border-style: none ! important; margin:0px ! important; padding:0px ! important; padding-bottom:2em ! important; } .tagglyTagging .button, .tagglyTagging .hidebutton { display: none ! important; } .headerShadow { visibility: hidden ! important; } .tagglyTagged .quickopentag, .tagged .quickopentag { border-style: none ! important; } .quickopentag a.button, .miniTag { display: none ! important; }
}
/* get user styles specified in StyleSheet */
[[StyleSheet]]
/*}}}*/|Name|MptwTrim|
|Description|Mptw Theme with a reduced header to increase useful space|
|ViewTemplate|MptwTheme##ViewTemplate|
|EditTemplate|MptwTheme##EditTemplate|
|StyleSheet|MptwTheme##StyleSheet|
|PageTemplate|##PageTemplate|
!PageTemplate
<!--{{{-->
<!-- horizontal MainMenu -->
<div id='topMenu' macro='gradient vert [[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]'>
<span refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></span>:
<span refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></span>
</div>
<div id='sidebar'> <div id='sidebarOptions'> <div refresh='content' tiddler='SideBarOptions'></div> <div macro='slider chkTabSliderPanel SideBarTabs {{"tabs \u00bb"}} "Show Timeline, All, Tags, etc"'></div> </div>
</div>
<div id='displayArea'> <div id='messageArea'></div> <div id='tiddlerDisplay'></div>
</div>For upgrading. See [[ImportTiddlers]]. URL:
/***
|Description:|A place to put your config tweaks so they aren't overwritten when you upgrade MPTW|
See for other options you can set. In some cases where there are clashes with other plugins it might help to rename this to zzMptwUserConfigPlugin so it gets executed last.
***/
//{{{
// example: set your preferred date format
//config.mptwDateFormat = 'MM/0DD/YY';
//config.mptwJournalFormat = 'Journal MM/0DD/YY';
// example: set the theme you want to start with
//config.options.txtTheme = 'MptwRoundTheme';
// example: switch off autosave, switch on backups and set a backup folder
//config.options.chkSaveBackups = true;
//config.options.chkAutoSave = false;
//config.options.txtBackupFolder = 'backups';
// uncomment to disable 'new means new' functionality for the new journal macro
//config.newMeansNewForJournalsToo = false;
//}}}!Multistep Conversion Problems * Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem in the space provided (or add more if you need it). Create your unit grid below that. Use ONLY the conversion factors below or metric conversion factors, as needed. * See the [[Example Problem here|UnitAnalysis]]. | ''SHOW YOUR UNIT GRID FOR CREDIT!'' |>|>| |1 in = 2.54 cm |1 kg = 2.205 pounds |1 L = 1.06 quarts | |1 foot = 12 inches |1 quart = 2 pints |1 mile = 5280 feet | 1. How long is a 110 centimeter worm in feet? 2. If a rock weighs 0.02 pounds, what is its mass in grams? 3. If a yard is 3 feet, how many meters are in 0.24 yard? 4. How many pints are in 750 mL? 5. If you are 500,000,000 seconds old, how old are you in years? * For questions #6-9 use the following (totally bogus) ''conversion factors:'' |1 zorch = 2.5 quatloos |12 quatloos = 1 goumbah |3 zorch = 1 bahbaloo | |5 bahbaloos = 1 ricardo |1 goumbah = 6 fizzbings || 6. How many zorch are there in 1.8 goumbahs? 7. How many quatloos are in 3 bahbaloos? 8. How many ricardos are there in 100 quatloos? 9. How many zorches are in 12 quatloos? 10. How many dozen do you have if you have 300 donuts? 11. A baker’s dozen consists of 13 objects. How many baker’s dozen do you have if you have 300 donuts? 12. A gross is 144 objects (12 dozen). How many gross of pencils do you have if you have 1000 pencils? 13. A paperclip is 0.031 m long. How many will it take to reach 100 meters?
!Thomas Jefferson's desire to scientifically map and manage our new nation's coastline led to the NOAA of today * National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * 200th anniversary overview of this vital institute whose mission is to provide ''Science'', ''Service'', & ''Stewardship''. <html><div align="center"> <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> </div></html>
!The great contribution of the Ionians and Greeks (with AriStotle) to western civilization. * [[Humanistic in it's view of the world|TracingTheGreeksFire]]. * Focused on: # Observation ([[Theoretikos]]) # Physical causes # Evidence # Logic * Modified and adopted AriStotle's ideas into the theology of the Roman Catholic Church through the efforts of ThomasAquinas. * See HistoryOfPhysics
!Nebulous patch of in the night sky (as first described by primitive telescopes) * Composed of various dust and gas particles illuminated by the stars being born in this StellarNursery.
![[Nebulae]] or gaseous clouds where stars are born- the start of a star. * At 300 million years after the BigBang, stars and clusters of stars ignite as gravity collapses hydrogen gas clouds to achieve nuclear fusion in a ProtoStar. * The HubbleDeepField image is from this point. [img[stellar evolution diagram|
!Formation of the solar system when a [[NebularCollapse]] occurs due to a triggering event (shockwave). * Conservation of angular momentum is responsible for the rotation as the cloud of dust and gas collapses under the influence of the LawOfUniversalGravitation. ** Objects falling towards the protostar at an angle other than 90 degrees impart a rotational velocity to the body. ** ''Objects spinning keep spinning once they start.'' As the cloud collapsed under the influence of gravity and the radius of the matter in that cloud shortened, the cloud have to increase it's rotational velocity in order to ''conserve momentum''. * The triggering event 4.65 billion years ago may have been a shockwave from a nearby supernova.
/***
|Name:|NewHerePlugin|
|Description:|Creates the new here and new journal macros|
|Version:|3.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License|
***/
//{{{
merge(config.macros, { newHere: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { wikify("<<newTiddler "+paramString+" tag:[["+tiddler.title+"]]>>",place,null,tiddler); } }, newJournalHere: { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { wikify("<<newJournal "+paramString+" tag:[["+tiddler.title+"]]>>",place,null,tiddler); } }
});
//}}}/***
|Name:|NewMeansNewPlugin|
|Description:|If 'New Tiddler' already exists then create 'New Tiddler (1)' and so on|
|Version:|1.1.1a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License|
!!Note: I think this should be in the core
***/
//{{{
// change this or set config.newMeansNewForJournalsToo it in MptwUuserConfigPlugin
if (config.newMeansNewForJournalsToo == undefined) config.newMeansNewForJournalsToo = true;
String.prototype.getNextFreeName = function() { numberRegExp = / \(([0-9]+)\)$/; var match = numberRegExp.exec(this); if (match) { var num = parseInt(match[1]) + 1; return this.replace(numberRegExp," ("+num+")"); } else { return this + " (1)"; }
}
config.macros.newTiddler.checkForUnsaved = function(newName) { var r = false; story.forEachTiddler(function(title,element) { if (title == newName) r = true; }); return r;
}
config.macros.newTiddler.getName = function(newName) { while (store.getTiddler(newName) || config.macros.newTiddler.checkForUnsaved(newName)) newName = newName.getNextFreeName(); return newName;
}
config.macros.newTiddler.onClickNewTiddler = function()
{ var title = this.getAttribute("newTitle"); if(this.getAttribute("isJournal") == "true") { title = new Date().formatString(title.trim()); } // ---- these three lines should be the only difference between this and the core onClickNewTiddler if (config.newMeansNewForJournalsToo || this.getAttribute("isJournal") != "true") title = config.macros.newTiddler.getName(title); var params = this.getAttribute("params"); var tags = params ? params.split("|") : []; var focus = this.getAttribute("newFocus"); var template = this.getAttribute("newTemplate"); var customFields = this.getAttribute("customFields"); if(!customFields && !store.isShadowTiddler(title)) customFields = String.encodeHashMap(config.defaultCustomFields); story.displayTiddler(null,title,template,false,null,null); var tiddlerElem = story.getTiddler(title); if(customFields) story.addCustomFields(tiddlerElem,customFields); var text = this.getAttribute("newText"); if(typeof text == "string") story.getTiddlerField(title,"text").value = text.format([title]); for(var t=0;t<tags.length;t++) story.setTiddlerTag(title,tags[t],+1); story.focusTiddler(title,focus); return false;
};
//}}}<<player id=4 * For more information [[see here|
|[img[PDF symbol| 2nd Law Intro Probs|
!Problem worksheets covering topics in Ch02Hewitt > Problem sets include:
!Newton's 3 Laws of Motion | Ch03Hewitt | Ch04Hewitt | !!!First Law: Inertia rules! * Mechanical equilibrium: An object in motion remains in motion. An object at rest remains at rest. | [img[Glacial erratic boulder has a huge inertia.| | [img[Bowling ball's mass resists changes to motion|)EE9s2uiOisBRZ1brr+Gg~~60_35.JPG?set_id=880000500F]] | | [[Source.| | [[Source.| | !!!Second Law: Force = Mass * Acceleration = @@color:green;Newton (N)@@ * Newtons = kg * m/s^^2^^. * Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. |[img[acceleration of a dropped pumpkin with a time-lapse photo| | [[Source: Flickr Physics classroom| | !!!Third Law: Equal & Opposite Forces * For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. * Action and reaction forces ALWAYS act on __different__ bodies. |[img[Ball on bat; Bat on ball pairing. Action force on bat slows down the handle section of the bat while the inertia of the heavier tip keeps it moving forward, causing a large shear force that snaps the wood fibers.| | [[Source.| |
!Practice problems covering NewtonsLaws in Ch02Hewitt. |[img[PDF symbol| [[Newtons Laws- Turtle Practice Problems|
* Additional "B" level practice. Answer key is below. |[img[Word symbol| Newton's Law Problems|
!Answer Key |[img[Word symbol| Answers|
!Objectives for Ch02Hewitt 2.5 through Ch04Hewitt.
You are responsible for knowing how to-
# Compare mass/ inertia (kg) vs. weight (N)
# Explain Newton's [[First, Second, Third Laws|NewtonsLaws]] and give examples of each.
# Calculate and interpret from such graphs or data the:
## distance traveled in a certain time by finding area under a velocity graph.
## distance traveled in a certain time when an object is accelerating.
### GaliLeo's finding that ''distance ~ time^^2^^'' when accelerating using balls rolling down ramps.
## average velocity between any two points on a distance graph.
## change in the speed component of velocity if the time and acceleration are known.
### ''delta v= a * t''
### contrast ''uniform motion with accelerated motion''.
## slope of any straight line ((''delta d/ delta t = velocity''), (''delta v/delta t = acceleration'')).
## average acceleration between any two points on a velocity graph (''a = (delta v / delta t'').
# Explain ''why is “g” constant for all objects in a vacuum?''
## ''F~~weight~~ = m * g'' = is the total force acting on a body in free-fall.
### [[Video of a feather and hammer falling on the moon.|
# Explain the concept of FreeFall.
## Calculate both the velocity, distance traveled, and time elapsed by free-falling objects on a planet where the “g” due to gravity is given.
# Explain the concept of TerminalVelocity and explain the role of air resistance. (“BroncoSkyDives” handout).
# Define and state [[Newton’s three laws|NewtonsLaws]] and apply them to analyze the motion of objects.
# Be able to [[add vectors together|VectorAddition]] by:
## using the 'complete the parallelogram method' or 'head-to-tail' method.
## resolving each vector into (x,y) components and summing the (total x, total y) to find the ''resultant''.
### Vector addition only works if the vectors have identical units: force + force, velocity + velocity, ''not'' force + velocity.
## using the Pythagorean theorem to find any missing side's length for a right triangle composed of vectors.
# Determine whether or not an object is in a state of force equilibrium by'' summing force vectors to find F~~net~~.''
# Be able to find either the Action or the Reaction force if given the other (Newton's 3rd law).
# Be able to define and explain all vocabulary from Ch03Hewitt and Ch04Hewitt.
## See the NewtonsLaws-VennDiagram for conceptual relationships.
|!Formulas to know:|!On a graph|
|''Average Speed = distance moved/ time interval'' |Slope of a distance graph |
|velocity = speed + direction |Slope of a velocity graph |
|''d = v*t''' when the velocity is constant |area on this graph is a rectangle |
|''d= ½ delta v * time'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate |area on this graph is a triangle |
|''d= ½*a*t*t'' when the velocity is changing at a constant rate |area on this graph is a triangle |
|''time interval = delta d/ delta v'' when the velocity is constant |base of a rectangle = area/ height |
|''time interval = delta d/ (½* delta v)'' when the velocity is changing |base of a triangle = area/ (½ *height) |
|''a = delta v/ time interval'' = m/s per s = m/s^^2^^ |slope of a velocity graph |
|''delta v = acceleration *delta t'' |rate change = slope * time interval |
|''F~~net~~ = mass~~net~~ * acceleration~~net~~'' |Newton's 2nd Law! |!On notepaper. Show all formulas and setups. Box final answers. # A car travels at 4 m/s and speeds up to 6 m/s in a period of 6 seconds. The car’s mass is 1000 kg. F~~friction~~ is 400 N. ## Sketch the velocity graph of the car. Label the axes & their units and mark key values on the graph. ## Sketch all Forces acting on the car using FreeBodyDiagrams with vectors. (See image at bottom) ## Find the a~~net~~. ## Find the F~~net~~. ## Find the F~~engine~~ on car that opposes F~~friction~~. Are these an action-reaction pair? ## Find the total distance the car traveled during these 6 seconds. | ''//Free Body diagram example of forces acting on a car//. Note: The Force~~normal~~ should be centered ON the car body!'' | |<html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="Free Body diagram example of forces acting on a car" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|
!Key to NewtonsLaws-Prob1 | [img[PDF symbol| [[NewtonsLaws-Prob1_Key| |
> Follow the instructions (required steps for each problem) and do on a separate sheet of paper. > You will need to ''memorize'' or make flashcards for all of the stated formulas! * "B+" to "A" level problems for #1-5. * #6 is a Jedi-master level (A++) problem! * #7 is an A+ problem. |[img[Word symbol| [[Newton's Laws Problems Set 2| | * We are getting closer to finishing the NewtonsLaws-Objectives for Chapters 2-4 of HewittBook.
!Answers to the NewtonsLaws-Prob2: |[img[Word symbol| [[Advanced Newton's Problem Answers| * Correct your problem set and make @@notes-to-self@@. * #6 is are "Chuck Norris Cringes" level problem! * #7 is a "Fiendishly Clever" level problem!
!Optional Enrichment Sheet over NewtonsLaws-Objectives * Only gotten in class from Mr.R
!Conceptual organizer for key terms in Ch.2-4 <html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Conceptual organizer for key terms" width="600" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>
!Covering NewtonsLaws |[img[PDF symbol| [[Newtons Laws Jaguar Problems|
!Covering NewtonsLaws |[img[Word symbol| [[Newtons Laws Jaguar Problems Answers|
!High speed video capture of impact. * Did the golf ball transfer momentum to the melon? <html> <object width="600" height="486"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="600" height="486"></embed></object> </html>
![[Projectiles]] Cartoon by Far Side artist Gary Larson <html><div align="center"> <img src="" alt="Not exactly rocket science" width="300" height="400" border="0" /></a><br /> </div></html>
!EM Induction due to ElectroMagnetic waves causes large additional currents in modern electronics and fries them. * National Geographic video on the challenges of being a President in the nuclear age: <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Test Objectives. Will reappear on the [[Physics Exam|Exam-Physics]].
!1 Step Metric Conversion Problems * See the MetricPrefixTable for the unit prefixes. * Perform each of the following metric conversions using ''Unit or Dimensional Analysis''. * You must show the setup grid. Simply follow the example below that solves the example problem below: ** //How long is a 112 centimeter string in m?// ** [img[Setup grid allows units to cancel. Each grid behaves like a fraction.| ** [img[Plug in values for the conversion factors so that the top and bottom are equal to each other; unwanted units cancel.| * Simply multiply the original value by a ''@@color:green;conversion factor@@'' where the top and bottom are equal to each other. The units that are the same on the top and the bottom will ''@@color:red;cancel out@@'', leaving the answer in the desired units without changing the actual value itself. * To find the answer multiply the tops of the grid together and then divide this by the bottom product. 1) How long is a 112.5 centimeter string in m? 2) If a rock weighs 44 kilograms, what is its mass in grams? 3) How many liters are in 150 deciliters? 4) How many milliliters are in 0.750 L? 5) 1250 seconds is how many microseconds? 6) How long is 123 km, in meters? 7) 75 milliamps is how many amps? 8) 55 micromoles is how many moles? 9) 375 decigrams is how many grams? 10) 12 hectameters is how many meters?
These [[InterfaceOptions]] for customising [[TiddlyWiki]] are saved in your browser
Your username for signing your edits. Write it as a [[WikiWord]] (eg [[JoeBloggs]])
<<option txtUserName>>
<<option chkSaveBackups>> [[SaveBackups]]
<<option chkAutoSave>> [[AutoSave]]
<<option chkRegExpSearch>> [[RegExpSearch]]
<<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> [[CaseSensitiveSearch]]
<<option chkAnimate>> [[EnableAnimations]]
{{select{<<selectTheme>>
<<selectPalette>>}}}
----
ImportTiddlersPlugin
{{select{<<selectTheme>>
<<selectPalette>>}}}
<<tag Formatting>>
----
Also see [[AdvancedOptions]]<<player id=8 image 700>>
!Nucleosynthesis after the Big Bang
!A stellar nursery | [[Orion Nebula - 2003-04-02| shown below | > “Even with a good telescope you won't come across a sight quite like this one. It is a familiar object though, the grand stellar nursery known as the Orion Nebula. But the striking picture combines images taken through three separate filters, each designed to record different emission lines -- light from sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms glowing in the tenuous nebular gas." [[Source.| * "In this image, @@color:red;sulfur is red@@, @@color:green;hydrogen is green@@, and @@color:blue;oxygen is blue@@, a color scheme used in images of other astronomical nebulae as well. While very different from what the eye sees, the image is still both beautiful and scientifically valuable, tracing elements and conditions within the nearby star forming region.” * See NebularCollapse for more info on the birth of a star <<player id=8 image 800 600>>
!Video inspired by the essay //The Pale Blue Dot// by Carl Sagan. * Why are we so restless as a species? Why do we yearn to map out the unknown? |<html><iframe src="" width="460" height="346" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></html>| [img[Actual image of earth from the spacecraft Voyager| | |[[Link to the Atlantic Monthly posting of the video.| image from the spacecraft Voyager that inspired this essay. [[Source.| |
!Pressure In = Pressure Out = Same value anywhere in an enclosed fluid. * If you squeeze a balloon at one end, that pressure change will be equally distributed to the rest of the system, ie: the balloon will expand outwards from the compression point.
StMarks science teacher. Teaches 8th grade physical science and Astronomy/Geology US elective
* Momentum calcs on a penguin that is leaping up onto a 1 meter high ice shelf. * Discovery of how penguins can achieve an impossibly high vertical launch speed in the water to make it safely onto the ice: ** [[Emperor Penguins launching out of the ocean in Antarctica| ** Super cavitation has other uses for high speed maneuvers in the ocean: [[ships|
!!!!The crowning achievement of late 19th century Chemistry Arranged elements by their properties which occur in periodic intervals Rows = ''Periods''; Columns = ''Groups'' Also see the VisualPeriodicTable |Standard PeriodicTable (ref. Wikipedia)|c || !1 | !2 |!| !3 | !4 | !5 | !6 | !7 | !8 | !9 | !10 | !11 | !12 | !13 | !14 | !15 | !16 | !17 | !18 | |!1|bgcolor(#a0ffa0): @@color(red): ^^1^^[[H| 'Hydrogen explosion inside the Hindenburg- 1937'>>@@ |>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>||bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red): ^^2^^He@@ | |!2|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^3^^Li |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^4^^Be |>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>||bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^5^^B |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): ^^6^^C |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): @@color(red): ^^7^^N@@ |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): @@color(red):^^8^^O@@ |bgcolor(#ffff99): @@color(red):^^9^^F@@ |bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red):^^10^^Ne@@ | |!3|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^11^^Na |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^12^^Mg |>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>||bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^13^^Al |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^14^^Si |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): ^^15^^P |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): ^^16^^S |bgcolor(#ffff99): @@color(red): ^^17^^Cl@@ |bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red):^^18^^Ar@@ | |!4|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^19^^K |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^20^^Ca ||bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^21^^Sc |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^22^^Ti |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^23^^V |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^24^^Cr |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^25^^Mn |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^26^^Fe |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^27^^Co |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^28^^Ni |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^29^^Cu |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^30^^Zn |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^31^^Ga |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^32^^Ge |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^33^^As |bgcolor(#a0ffa0): ^^34^^Se |bgcolor(#ffff99): @@color(green):^^35^^Br@@ |bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red):^^36^^Kr@@ | |!5|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^37^^Rb |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^38^^Sr ||bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^39^^Y |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^40^^Zr |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^41^^Nb |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^42^^Mo |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^43^^Tc^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^44^^Ru |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^45^^Rh |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^46^^Pd |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^47^^Ag |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^48^^Cd |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^49^^In |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^50^^Sn |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^51^^Sb |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^52^^Te |bgcolor(#ffff99): ^^53^^I |bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red): ^^54^^Xe@@ | |!6|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^56^^Cs |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^57^^Ba |bgcolor(#ffbfff):^^*1^^|bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^71^^Lu |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^72^^Hf |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^73^^Ta |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^74^^W |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^75^^Re |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^76^^Os |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^77^^Ir |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^78^^Pt |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^79^^Au |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): @@color(green):^^80^^Hg@@ |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^81^^Tl |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^82^^Pb |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^83^^Bi |bgcolor(#cccc99): ^^84^^Po |bgcolor(#ffff99): ^^85^^At |bgcolor(#c0ffff): @@color(red):^^86^^Rn@@ | |!7|bgcolor(#ff6666): ^^87^^Fr^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffdead): ^^88^^Ra^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc):^^*2^^|bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^103^^Lr^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^104^^Rf^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^105^^Db^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^106^^Sq^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^107^^Bh^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^108^^Hs^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^109^^Mt^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^110^^Ds^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): ^^111^^Rg^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffc0c0): @@color(green):^^112^^Uub^^*^^@@ |bgcolor(#cccccc): ^^113^^Uut^^*^^ |bgcolor(#cccccc):^^114^^Uuq^^*^^ |bgcolor(#cccccc):^^115^^Uup^^*^^ |bgcolor(#cccccc):^^116^^Uuh^^*^^ |bgcolor(#fcfecc): @@color(#cccccc):@@ |bgcolor(#ecfefc): @@color(red):^^118^^Uuo^^*^^@@ | | !Lanthanides^^*1^^|bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^57^^La |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^58^^Ce |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^59^^Pr |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^60^^Nd |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^61^^Pm^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^62^^Sm |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^63^^Eu |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^64^^Gd |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^65^^Tb |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^66^^Dy |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^67^^Ho |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^68^^Er |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^69^^Tm |bgcolor(#ffbfff): ^^70^^Yb | | !Actinides^^*2^^|bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^89^^Ac^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^90^^Th^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^91^^Pa^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^92^^U^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^93^^Np^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^94^^Pu^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^95^^Am^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^96^^Cm^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^97^^Bk^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^98^^Cf^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^99^^Es^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^100^^Fm^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^101^^Md^^*^^ |bgcolor(#ff99cc): ^^102^^No^^*^^ | *Chemical Series & Groups above: **@@bgcolor(#ff6666): Alkali metals@@ **@@bgcolor(#ffdead): Alkaline earth metals@@ **@@bgcolor(#ffbfff): Lanthanides@@ **@@bgcolor(#ff99cc): Actinides@@ **@@bgcolor(#ffc0c0): Transition metals@@ **@@bgcolor(#cccccc): Poor metals@@ **@@bgcolor(#cccc99): Metalloids@@ **@@bgcolor(#a0ffa0): Nonmetals@@ **@@bgcolor(#ffff99): Halogens@@ **@@bgcolor(#c0ffff): Noble gases@@ *State at standard temperature and pressure **those in @@color(red):red@@ are gases **those in @@color(green):green@@ are liquids **those in black are solids **those with a Symbol^^*^^ are ''radioactive'' and unstable |!Chemistry Links|!Description| |[[Illustrated Periodic Table| for the alchemy connections| |[[Web Elements- U of Sheffield| orginal and still one of the best periodic tables on the web. Comes in a "scholar" and "professional" version depending on the depth of information you wish to find.| |[[Flash Periodic Table| | |[[Mineral Types by Classes| Halides, phosphates- all of the chemcial combinations that might occur within geologic processes are listed here with images and locations| |[[Online tutorial in basic atomic theory| | |[[Element samples price listing| |Want to see what each element looks like and costs? | |[[Artistic interpretation of the periodic table| | 118 various artists create images for each of the symbols | |[[Tom Lehrer's "The Elements Song" put to flash| | A flash animation accompaniment to this famous song that includes all of the elements names found in 1963. |
*The observation of the waxing and waning of Venus (Venus having strikingly different phases) is a crucial bit of evidence for the HelioCentric model of the solar system. *Look at the predictions of these two models below: | !GeoCentric Model Prediction | !Jan.30th, 1996 Phase of Venus | | [img[What Earth would observe of the phases of Venus if the geocentric model was correct.| | [img[Jan. 30, 1996 phase| | | | | | !HelioCentric Model Prediction | !April 15th, 1996 Phase of Venus | | [img[What Earth would observe of the phases of Venus if the heliocentric model was correct.| | [img[April 15th, 1996 phase of Venus| | | !Phases of Venus as seen from earth, 2004 |>| | [img[April to May 2004 phases of the Venus| |>|
!Incoming particular wavelengths of light cause a substance to generate an electrical current. * Explained by Einstein in 1905 in a paper that won him his Nobel Prize. * Crucial step in developing a QuantumMechanical understanding of electrons. |[img[Photoelectric effect diagram| selenium behaves in sunlight.|
!Basic bundle of light energy; contains a quanta of light energy based on the frequency of the light
!Individual packets of light energy dependent upon WaveLength.
* [[Photovoltaics video|
!8th grade Physical Science Full year science class that all StMarks 8th graders take. The first half of the year is Physics and the second half is ''Chemistry''. This course is the first primarily quantitative course in the middle school science series at StMarks. * Uses the [[Conceptual Integrated Science|HewittBook]] textbook by Hewitt. * See the current year's [[HW Calendar]]. * Topics covered in [[Physics]].
!Physics related topics | !WebPhysics Links |>| | Video-Physics |>| | [[Physics Labs|Labs]] |>| |>| [img[Isaac Newton| | |bgcolor(#3399FF): ''PHYSICS Chapter #'s'' |>| |Prologue: [[About Science|MappingTheUniverse]]|Ch01Hewitt | |1. [[Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium|BasicMotion-Objectives]]. |Ch01Hewitt | |2. NewtonsLaws of Motion. |Ch02Hewitt, Ch03Hewitt, Ch04Hewitt | |3. [[Momentum]] |[[Ch05Hewitt]] | |4. [[Energy]]. |Ch06Hewitt | |5. Newton's [[LawOfUniversalGravitation]], [[Projectiles, and Satellite Motion|Projectiles]]. |Ch07Hewitt | |6. FluidMechanics. | | |7. ThermalEnergy, [[Thermodynamics|LawsOfThermodynamics]], HeatTransfer. |Ch08Hewitt | |8. Static and Current [[Electricity]]. |Ch09Hewitt | |9. Magnetism and ElectroMagnetic Induction. |Ch10Hewitt | |10. [[Sound]] [[Waves]]. |Ch11Hewitt | |11. [[Light]] [[Waves]]. |Ch12Hewitt, Ch13Hewitt |
!~Slightly-Mad Science video on impulse and momentum <html> <object width="500" height="405"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="500" height="405"></embed></object> </html>
> Given to you on the Exam-Physics. | [img[Word symbol| Exam Formulas| |
|[img[Word symbol| [[Practice Physics Exam| physics exam 09.doc]]| * Printout and do on those sheets. * Use the [img[Word symbol| Exam Formula Sheet| as you take it. * Do it first as a test- no notes. After you've done what you can, go back and use your review to answer those questions that gave you difficulty.
|[img[Word symbol| Exam Answers| |
By Ira Greenberg Uses the arc() function to generate a pie chart from the data stored in an array.
<<Processing
size(200, 200);
background(100);
smooth();
noStroke();
int diameter = 150;
int[] angs = {30, 10, 45, 35, 60, 38, 75, 67};
float lastAng = 0;
for (int i=0; i<angs.length; i++){ fill(angs[i] * 3.0); arc(width/2, height/2, diameter, diameter, lastAng, lastAng+radians(angs[i])); lastAng += radians(angs[i]);
}
>>
[[Source.|
Taken from [[basic/piechart.html|!All SubtractiveColor is based on molecular pigments * The frequencies of light absorbed by a pigment determine what DOES NOT come back to your HumanEye. > [[Image below Source.| | A Cyan pigmented ball resonate and absorb only with ''@@color:red;red light@@''. The [[Color]]s that are reflected are blue and green (this makes cyan). | | [img[Cyan ball absorbs red light| | | Yellow pigments resonate and absorb only ''@@color:blue;blue light@@''. The [[Color]]s that are reflected are red and green (this makes yellow). | | [img[Yellow lemon absorbs blue light| | | Magenta rose pigment [[Color]]s resonate and absorb just ''@@color:green;green light@@''. The [[Color]]s that are reflected are red and blue (this makes magenta). | | [img[Magenta rose absorbs green light| | | Inorganic chemical pigments used in paint. [[Source.| | | [img[inorganic pigment chemistry| | * For [[Light]] waves, energy packets or photons are absorbed only if the incoming waves match the natural electronic “beat pattern” of each type of atom or molecule that we call a pigment. ** Once visible light waves are caught by a molecule termed a pigment, they're hard to ignore because they increase atomic jiggling in those molecules. ** If the waves match the atoms' vibrational tendencies (an orange's absorption of light is for all forms of light BUT orange, which it then reflects back to our eyes) then the light energy is absorbed. ** This AbSorption of certain energy amounts or quanta can create changes in the amount of vibration present in whole molecules or change the electron energy structure within a single atom. *** Visible pigments absorb VisibleLight and then re-emit lower frequency InfraRed light. *** Some pigments absorb UV light and then re-emit lower frequency VisibleLight.
* Great overview of the dynamic systems in EarthFromSpace. | !Earth's Basic Spheres | |[img[Earth's systems| !!For more connections see: * GeoSphere * HydroSphere * BioSphere * AtmoSphere
!Doomsday scenario of a planetoid hitting the planet. * Should you worry about such an event? The odds for death-by-asteroid-impact in 2009 stand around 1 in 2.5 million. Compare that to your odds of dying in a car accident: 1 in 6,539 OR a commercial airline crash (1 in 7 million). [[Details here| <<player id=8 image 300 300>> * The Video below was done for a Japanese Science Show about an even larger event, something on the order of what happened in the first billion years of Earth's existence (500 km diameter body). A Mars-sized planetoid impact created our own Moon. |<html><iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html>| * In March 2008, a Sumerian Clay tablet that puzzled archeologists for over 150 years was deciphered as a [[astronomical observation of a 500 m comet impact in Austria| on June 29th, 3123 BC. * Lots of internet sound and fury over a supposed impact in 2012 of the planetoid Nibiru- which has no basis in any observation that NASA's NEO program has made. See [[a discussion about the hysteria here|
!Want an invisibility cloak? These materials are your best shot! * Arrays of crystalline structures that scatter light around an object, rendering it transparent. * [[Wikipedia entry on these metamaterials.| * Jan. 2012: UT Austin creates material that renders cylinders [[invisible to microwave light.| | Gold nano particle arrays can be used to shape light waves. [[Image Source.| | UT Dallas invented carbon nanotube sheets that change their ReFraction properties when an electric material passes through them to match that of the liquid around them. | |[img[gold nanocrystal arrays| <html><iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> |
* Take note of the shallow warm seas inside South America's northern edge (''Venezuela'') and around Africa where ''Libya'' and the ''Middle East'' will be formed- these are the sources of the vast plankton beds that were compressed into the oil and gas reserves that our industrial world now requires to run.
<html><div align="center">
<object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="325"></embed></object>
</div></html>
>Source: [[Science On a Sphere at NOAA|/***
|Name|PlayerPlugin|
|Source|
|Version|1.1.4|
|Author|Eric Shulman - ELS Design Studios|
|License| <br>and [[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Requires||
|Overrides||
|Options|##Configuration|
|Description|Embed a media player in a tiddler|
!!!!!Usage
<<<
{{{<<player [id=xxx] [type] [URL] [width] [height] [autoplay|true|false] [showcontrols|true|false] [extras]>>}}}
''id=xxx'' is optional, and specifies a unique identifier for each embedded player. note: this is required if you intend to display more than one player at the same time.
''type'' is optional, and is one of the following: ''windows'', ''realone'', ''quicktime'', ''flash'', ''image'' or ''iframe''. If the media type is not specified, the plugin automatically detects Windows, Real, QuickTime, Flash video or JPG/GIF images by matching known file extensions and/or specialized streaming-media transfer protocols (such as RTSP:). For unrecognized media types, the plugin displays an error message.
''URL'' is the location of the media content
''width'' and ''height'' are the dimensions of the video display area (in pixels)
''autoplay'' or ''true'' or ''false'' is optional, and specifies whether the media content should begin playing as soon as it is loaded, or wait for the user to press the "play" button. Default is //not// to autoplay.
''showcontrols'' or ''true'' or ''false'' is optional, and specifies whether the embedded media player should display its built-in control panel (e.g., play, pause, stop, rewind, etc), if any. Default is to display the player controls.
''extras'' are optional //pairs// of parameters that can be passed to the embedded player, using the {{{<param name=xxx value=yyy>}}} HTML syntax.
''If you use [[AttachFilePlugin]] to encode and store a media file within your document, you can play embedded media content by using the title of the //attachment tiddler//'' as a parameter in place of the usual reference to an external URL. When playing an attached media content, you should always explicitly specify the media type parameter, because the name used for the attachment tiddler may not contain a known file extension from which a default media type can be readily determined.
<<<
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
Default player size:
width: <<option txtPlayerDefaultWidth>> height: <<option txtPlayerDefaultHeight>>
<<<
!!!!!Examples
<<<
+++[Windows Media]...
Times Square Live Webcam
{{{<<player id=1
<<player id=1
===
+++[RealOne]...
BBC London: Live and Recorded news
{{{<<player id=2
<<player id=2
===
+++[Quicktime]...
America Free TV: Classic Comedy
{{{<<player id=3
<<player id=3
===
+++[Flash]...
Asteroids arcade game
{{{<<player id=4 400 300>>}}}
<<player id=4 400 300>>
Google Video
{{{<<player id=5 flash 400 326>>}}}
<<player id=5 flash 400 326>>
YouTube Video
{{{<<player id=6 flash 400 300>>}}}
<<player id=6 flash 400 300>>
===
+++[Still Images]...
GIF (best for illustrations, animations, diagrams, etc.)
{{{<<player id=7 image images/meow.gif auto auto>>}}}
<<player id=7 image images/meow.gif auto auto>>
JPG (best for photographs, scanned images, etc.)
{{{<<player id=8 image images/meow2.jpg 200 150>>}}}
<<player id=8 image images/meow2.jpg 200 150>>
===
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2008.05.10 [1.1.4] in handlers(), immediately return if no params (prevents error in macro). Also, refactored auto-detect code to make type mapping configurable.
2007.10.15 [1.1.3] in loadURL(), add recognition for .PNG (still image), fallback to iframe for unrecognized media types
2007.08.31 [1.1.2] added 'click-through' link for JPG/GIF images
2007.06.21 [1.1.1] changed "hidecontrols" param to "showcontrols" and recognize true/false values in addition to 'showcontrols', added "autoplay" param (also recognize true/false values), allow "auto" as value for type param
2007.05.22 [1.1.0] added support for type=="iframe" (displays src URL in an IFRAME)
2006.12.06 [1.0.1] in handler(), corrected check for config.macros.attach (instead of config.macros.attach.getAttachment) so that player plugin will work when AttachFilePlugin is NOT installed. (Thanks to Phillip Ehses for bug report)
2006.11.30 [1.0.0] support embedded media content using getAttachment() API defined by AttachFilePlugin or AttachFilePluginFormatters. Also added support for 'image' type to render JPG/GIF still images
2006.02.26 [0.7.0] major re-write. handles default params better. create/recreate player objects via loadURL() API for use with interactive forms and scripts.
2006.01.27 [0.6.0] added support for 'extra' macro params to pass through to object parameters
2006.01.19 [0.5.0] Initial ALPHA release
2005.12.23 [0.0.0] Started
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.player = {major: 1, minor: 1, revision: 4, date: new Date(2008,5,10)};
config.macros.player = {};
config.macros.player.html = {};
config.macros.player.handler= function(place,macroName,params) { if (!params.length) return; // missing parameters - do nothing var id=null; if (params[0].substr(0,3)=="id=") id=params.shift().substr(3); var type=""; if (!params.length) return; // missing parameters - do nothing var p=params[0].toLowerCase(); if (p=="auto" || p=="windows" || p=="realone" || p=="quicktime" || p=="flash" || p=="image" || p=="iframe") type=params.shift().toLowerCase(); var url=params.shift(); if (!url || !url.trim().length) url=""; if (url.length && config.macros.attach!=undefined) // if AttachFilePlugin is installed if ((tid=store.getTiddler(url))!=null && tid.isTagged("attachment")) // if URL is attachment url=config.macros.attach.getAttachment(url); // replace TiddlerTitle with URL var width=params.shift(); var height=params.shift(); var autoplay=false; if (params[0]=='autoplay'||params[0]=='true'||params[0]=='false') autoplay=(params.shift()!='false'); var show=true; if (params[0]=='showcontrols'||params[0]=='true'||params[0]=='false') show=(params.shift()!='false'); var extras=""; while (params[0]!=undefined) extras+="<param name='"+params.shift()+"' value='"+params.shift()+"'> "; this.loadURL(place,id,type,url,width,height,autoplay,show,extras);
}
if (config.options.txtPlayerDefaultWidth==undefined) config.options.txtPlayerDefaultWidth="100%";
if (config.options.txtPlayerDefaultHeight==undefined) config.options.txtPlayerDefaultHeight="480"; // can't use "100%"... player height doesn't stretch right :-(
config.macros.player.typeMap={ windows: ['mms', '.asx', '.wvx', '.wmv', '.mp3'], realone: ['rtsp', '.ram', '.rpm', '.rm', '.ra'], quicktime: ['.mov', '.qt'], flash: ['.swf', '.flv'], image: ['.jpg', '.gif', '.png'], iframe: ['.htm', '.html', '.shtml', '.php']
};
config.macros.player.loadURL=function(place,id,type,url,width,height,autoplay,show,extras) { if (id==undefined); if (!width) var width=config.options.txtPlayerDefaultWidth; if (!height) var height=config.options.txtPlayerDefaultHeight; if (url && (!type || !type.length || type=="auto")) { // determine type from URL u=url.toLowerCase(); var map=config.macros.player.typeMap; for (var t in map) for (var i=0; i<map[t].length; i++) if (u.indexOf(map[t][i])!=-1) var type=t; } if (!type || !config.macros.player.html[type]) var type="none"; if (!url) var url=""; if (show===undefined) var show=true; if (!extras) var extras=""; if (type=="none" && url.trim().length) type="iframe"; // fallback to iframe for unrecognized media types // adjust parameter values for player-specific embedded HTML switch (type) { case "windows": autoplay=autoplay?"1":"0"; // player-specific param value show=show?"1":"0"; // player-specific param value break; case "realone": autoplay=autoplay?"true":"false"; show=show?"block":"none"; height-=show?60:0; // leave room for controls break; case "quicktime": autoplay=autoplay?"true":"false"; show=show?"true":"false"; break; case "image": show=show?"block":"none"; break; case "iframe": show=show?"block":"none"; break; } // create containing div for player HTML // and add or replace player in TW DOM structure var newplayer = document.createElement("div"); newplayer.playerType=type; newplayer.setAttribute("id",id+"_div"); var existing = document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (existing && !place) place=existing.parentNode; if (!existing) place.appendChild(newplayer); else { if (place==existing.parentNode) place.replaceChild(newplayer,existing) else { existing.parentNode.removeChild(existing); place.appendChild(newplayer); } } var html=config.macros.player.html[type]; html=html.replace(/%i%/mg,id); html=html.replace(/%w%/mg,width); html=html.replace(/%h%/mg,height); html=html.replace(/%u%/mg,url); html=html.replace(/%a%/mg,autoplay); html=html.replace(/%s%/mg,show); html=html.replace(/%x%/mg,extras); newplayer.innerHTML=html;
}
//}}}
// // Player-specific API functions: isReady(id), isPlaying(id), toggleControls(id), showControls(id,flag)
//{{{
// status values:
// Windows: 0=Undefined, 1=Stopped, 2=Paused, 3=Playing, 4=ScanForward, 5=ScanReverse
// 6=Buffering, 7=Waiting, 8=MediaEnded, 9=Transitioning, 10=Ready, 11=Reconnecting
// RealOne: 0=Stopped, 1=Contacting, 2=Buffering, 3=Playing, 4=Paused, 5=Seeking
// QuickTime: 'Waiting', 'Loading', 'Playable', 'Complete', 'Error:###'
// Flash: 0=Loading, 1=Uninitialized, 2=Loaded, 3=Interactive, 4=Complete
config.macros.player.isReady=function(id)
{ var d=document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (!d) return false; var p=document.getElementById(id); if (!p) return false; if (d.playerType=='windows') return !((p.playState==0)||(p.playState==7)||(p.playState==9)||(p.playState==11)); if (d.playerType=='realone') return (p.GetPlayState()>1); if (d.playerType=='quicktime') return !((p.getPluginStatus()=='Waiting')||(p.getPluginStatus()=='Loading')); if (d.playerType=='flash') return (p.ReadyState>2); return true;
}
config.macros.player.isPlaying=function(id)
{ var d=document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (!d) return false; var p=document.getElementById(id); if (!p) return false; if (d.playerType=='windows') return (p.playState==3); if (d.playerType=='realone') return (p.GetPlayState()==3); if (d.playerType=='quicktime') return (p.getPluginStatus()=='Complete'); if (d.playerType=='flash') return (p.ReadyState<4); return false;
}
config.macros.player.showControls=function(id,flag) { var d=document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (!d) return false; var p=document.getElementById(id); if (!p) return false; if (d.playerType=='windows') { p.ShowControls=flag; p.ShowStatusBar=flag; } if (d.playerType=='realone') { alert('show/hide controls not available'); } if (d.playerType=='quicktime') // if player not ready, retry in one second { if (this.isReady(id)) p.setControllerVisible(flag); else setTimeout('config.macros.player.showControls("'+id+'",'+flag+')',1000); } if (d.playerType=='flash') { alert('show/hide controls not available'); }
}
config.macros.player.toggleControls=function(id) { var d=document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (!d) return false; var p=document.getElementById(id); if (!p) return false; if (d.playerType=='windows') var flag=!p.ShowControls; if (d.playerType=='realone') var flag=true; // TBD if (d.playerType=='quicktime') var flag=!p.getControllerVisible(); if (d.playerType=='flash') var flag=true; // TBD this.showControls(id,flag);
}
config.macros.player.fullScreen=function(id) { var d=document.getElementById(id+"_div"); if (!d) return false; var p=document.getElementById(id); if (!p) return false; if (d.playerType=='windows') p.DisplaySize=3; if (d.playerType=='realone') p.SetFullScreen(); if (d.playerType=='quicktime') { alert('full screen not available'); } if (d.playerType=='flash') { alert('full screen not available'); }
}
//}}}
// // Player HTML
//{{{
// placeholder (no player)
config.macros.player.html.none=' \ <table width="%w%" height="%h%"> \ <tr> \ <td width="%w%" height="%h%"> \ \ %u% \ \ </td></tr></table>';
//}}}
//{{{
// JPG/GIF/PNG still images
config.macros.player.html.image='\ <a href="%u%" target="_blank"><img width="%w%" height="%h%" src="%u%"></a>';
//}}}
//{{{
// IFRAME web page viewer
config.macros.player.html.iframe='\ <iframe width="%w%" height="%h%" src="%u%"></iframe>';
//}}}
//{{{
// Windows Media Player
// v7.1 ID: classid=CLSID:6BF52A52-394A-11d3-B153-00C04F79FAA6
// v9 ID: classid=CLSID:22d6f312-b0f6-11d0-94ab-0080c74c7e95
config.macros.player.html.windows=' \ <object width="%w%" height="%h%" \ classid="CLSID:22d6f312-b0f6-11d0-94ab-0080c74c7e95" \ codebase="" \ align="baseline" border="0" \ standby="Loading Microsoft Windows Media Player components..." \ type="application/x-oleobject"> \ <param name="FileName" value="%u%"> <param name="ShowControls" value="%s%"> \ <param name="ShowPositionControls" value="1"> <param name="ShowAudioControls" value="1"> \ <param name="ShowTracker" value="1"> <param name="ShowDisplay" value="0"> \ <param name="ShowStatusBar" value="1"> <param name="AutoSize" value="1"> \ <param name="ShowGotoBar" value="0"> <param name="ShowCaptioning" value="0"> \ <param name="AutoStart" value="%a%"> <param name="AnimationAtStart" value="1"> \ <param name="TransparentAtStart" value="0"> <param name="AllowScan" value="1"> \ <param name="EnableContextMenu" value="1"> <param name="ClickToPlay" value="1"> \ <param name="InvokeURLs" value="1"> <param name="DefaultFrame" value="datawindow"> \ %x% \ <embed src="%u%" \ align="baseline" border="0" width="%w%" height="%h%" \ type="application/x-mplayer2" \ pluginspage="" \ name="%i%" showcontrols="%s%" showpositioncontrols="1" \ showaudiocontrols="1" showtracker="1" showdisplay="0" \ showstatusbar="%s%" autosize="1" showgotobar="0" showcaptioning="0" \ autostart="%a%" autorewind="0" animationatstart="1" transparentatstart="0" \ allowscan="1" enablecontextmenu="1" clicktoplay="0" invokeurls="1" \ defaultframe="datawindow"> \ </embed> \ </object>';
//}}}
//{{{
// RealNetworks' RealOne Player
config.macros.player.html.realone=' \ <table width="%w%"><tr><td> \ <object width="%w%" height="%h%" \ CLASSID="clsid:CFCDAA03-8BE4-11cf-B84B-0020AFBBCCFA"> \ <PARAM NAME="CONSOLE" VALUE="player"> \ <PARAM NAME="CONTROLS" VALUE="ImageWindow"> \ <PARAM NAME="AUTOSTART" Value="%a%"> \ <PARAM NAME="MAINTAINASPECT" Value="true"> \ <PARAM NAME="NOLOGO" Value="true"> \ <PARAM name="BACKGROUNDCOLOR" VALUE="#333333"> \ <PARAM NAME="SRC" VALUE="%u%"> \ %x% \ <EMBED width="%w%" height="%h%" controls="ImageWindow" type="audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin" \ name="%i%" \ src="%u%" \ console=player \ maintainaspect=true \ nologo=true \ backgroundcolor=#333333 \ autostart=%a%> \ </OBJECT> \ </td></tr><tr><td> \ <object width="%w%" height="60" \ CLASSID="clsid:CFCDAA03-8BE4-11cf-B84B-0020AFBBCCFA"> \ <PARAM NAME="CONSOLE" VALUE="player"> \ <PARAM NAME="CONTROLS" VALUE="All"> \ <PARAM NAME="NOJAVA" Value="true"> \ <PARAM NAME="MAINTAINASPECT" Value="true"> \ <PARAM NAME="NOLOGO" Value="true"> \ <PARAM name="BACKGROUNDCOLOR" VALUE="#333333"> \ <PARAM NAME="SRC" VALUE="%u%"> \ %x% \ <EMBED WIDTH="%w%" HEIGHT="60" NOJAVA="true" type="audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin" \ controls="All" \ name="%i%_controls" \ src="%u%" \ console=player \ maintainaspect=true \ nologo=true \ backgroundcolor=#333333> \ </OBJECT> \ </td></tr></table>';
//}}}
//{{{
// QuickTime Player
config.macros.player.html.quicktime=' \ <OBJECT WIDTH="%w%" HEIGHT="%h%" \ CLASSID="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B" \ CODEBASE=""> \ <PARAM name="SRC" VALUE="%u%"> \ <PARAM name="AUTOPLAY" VALUE="%a%"> \ <PARAM name="CONTROLLER" VALUE="%s%"> \ <PARAM name="BGCOLOR" VALUE="#333333"> \ <PARAM name="SCALE" VALUE="aspect"> \ <PARAM name="SAVEEMBEDTAGS" VALUE="true"> \ %x% \ <EMBED name="%i%" WIDTH="%w%" HEIGHT="%h%" \ SRC="%u%" \ AUTOPLAY="%a%" \ SCALE="aspect" \ CONTROLLER="%s%" \ BGCOLOR="#333333" \ EnableJavaSript="true" \ PLUGINSPAGE=""> \ </EMBED> \ </OBJECT>';
//}}}
//{{{
// Flash Player
config.macros.player.html.flash='\ <object width="%w%" height="%h%" \ classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" \ codebase=""> \ <param name="movie" value="%u%"> \ <param name="quality" value="high"> \ <param name="SCALE" value="exactfit"> \ <param name="bgcolor" value="333333"> \ %x% \ <embed name="%i%" src="%u%" \ height="%h%" width="%w%" quality="high" \ pluginspage="" \ type="application/x-shockwave-flash" scale="exactfit"> \ </embed> \ </object>';
//}}}! Embed YouTube video (or any such video player with that option) inside a tiddler.
* Use the ''embed'' button which allows you to copy html code following the format below.
* @@color:red;''Note:''@@ the YouTube address needs the surrounded by the {{{<html>}}} and division tags {{{<div align="center">}}} tags
{{{
<html><div align="center">
<object width="425" height="350"><param name="movie" value=""></param>
<embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="X" height="Y">
</embed></object>
</div></html>
}}}
!!! //Note: Firefox 3.x browser version may require you to adjust your security settings to play external flash video files.//
!!!!Example of embedded video using code copied from the YouTube "embed" line:
<html><div align="center">
<object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>
</div></html>
!Embed a media player in a tiddler using a plug-in
* The actual macro code can be found in the PlayerPlugin itself
! Alternative: Download a YouTube video in native .flv (flash video) format to your hard drive:
* Use [[this URL at Tech Crunch|
* Paste in the video URL and Tech Crunch will redirect the native flash file (.flv) to your machine for you to save.
* You'll need to download the free viewer and very nice open source [[VLC media player| to view these files.from TiddlyWiki can be extended by [[InstallingPlugins]] that implement new [[Macros]], [[Themes]], [[Tweaks]] or other features. There are a number of collections from independent developers: * TimoBenk's [[TiddlyTasks| * BidiX's [[BidiXTW| * UdoBorkowski's [[abegoExtensions| * FrankDellaert's [[software collection| * DevonJones' [[TiddlyForge| * PaulPetterson's [[Paul's Notepad| * DanielBaird's [[Tiddly W;nks| * one_each's [[TiddlyWiki bits| * ClintChecketts' [[TiddlerWiki| * EricShulman's TiddlyTools, at ** [[Export Tiddlers PlugIn| * SteveRumsby's YetAnotherTiddlyWikiAdaptation at * SimonBaird's MonkeyPirateTiddlyWiki at * AlanHecht's TiddlyWikiExtensions at * zRenard's TiddlyWiki StyleSheetRepository at
!Positional Energy is another term for this stored energy * the amount of energy stored in the position of a mass that is @@//attracted// or //repelled//@@ by another mass = PE = m * a * d = N*m = ''Joule (J)'' | !Type of PE | !Attraction or repulsion? | !Formula | |Gravitational PE = ''[[GPE]]'' |Attraction of a body to a planet | GPE= m*g*height | |Chemical PE = ''CPE'' |Electrons in one atom are attracted to the nucleus of another atom in a relationship called a bond | CPE = measured by the heat given off to water when bonds are broken. 4.186 Joules is required to raise 1 g of H~~2~~O up 1 degree C | |Elastic PE = ''EPE'' |Electrons in one atom are attracted to the nucleus of another atom by repelled by that atom's own electron shell. Pushing or pulling beyond a material's equilibrium point stores energy as a ''spring''. The @@spring constant@@ is a measure of this resistance to change. | (0.5*spring constant)*(distance stretched)^^2^^ | |Electrical PE = Static Charges or ElectricalPotential |Electrons that are repelled from each other or are attracted to positive regions can store energy based on their position. Coulomb's Law describes the energy content of such charges. | |Nuclear PE = ''NPE'' |Energy stored in the binding energy of the nucleus of an atom when neutrons and protons are attracted to each other via the strong nuclear force. Some mass after a nuclear event is converted to light. | Delta Energy = delta mass * speed of light^^2^^ |
!Work per unit of time * Joules / seconds = Watts
[img[Power vs. Force image|
* Eames "Powers of 10" video from 1977- the award winning original! <html> <div> <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> </div> </html>
/***
|Name:|PrettyDatesPlugin|
|Description:|Provides a new date format ('pppp') that displays times such as '2 days ago'|
|Version:|1.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!!Notes
* If you want to you can rename this plugin. :) Some suggestions: LastUpdatedPlugin, RelativeDatesPlugin, SmartDatesPlugin, SexyDatesPlugin.
* Inspired by
***/
//{{{
Date.prototype.prettyDate = function() { var diff = (((new Date()).getTime() - this.getTime()) / 1000); var day_diff = Math.floor(diff / 86400); if (isNaN(day_diff)) return ""; else if (diff < 0) return "in the future"; else if (diff < 60) return "just now"; else if (diff < 120) return "1 minute ago"; else if (diff < 3600) return Math.floor(diff/60) + " minutes ago"; else if (diff < 7200) return "1 hour ago"; else if (diff < 86400) return Math.floor(diff/3600) + " hours ago"; else if (day_diff == 1) return "Yesterday"; else if (day_diff < 7) return day_diff + " days ago"; else if (day_diff < 14) return "a week ago"; else if (day_diff < 31) return Math.ceil(day_diff/7) + " weeks ago"; else if (day_diff < 62) return "a month ago"; else if (day_diff < 365) return "about " + Math.ceil(day_diff/31) + " months ago"; else if (day_diff < 730) return "a year ago"; else return Math.ceil(day_diff/365) + " years ago";
}
Date.prototype.formatString_orig_mptw = Date.prototype.formatString;
Date.prototype.formatString = function(template) { return this.formatString_orig_mptw(template).replace(/pppp/,this.prettyDate());
}
// for MPTW. otherwise edit your ViewTemplate as required.
// config.mptwDateFormat = 'pppp (DD/MM/YY)';
config.mptwDateFormat = 'pppp';
//}}}| from [[Dave Griffin| |
Printing from a TiddlyWiki file is just like printing any webpage using the print function of your browser. Wow, that was easy to explain!
However, you may find you don't want to print the title and subtitle in the ''header'', the left-hand ''main menu'', the right hand ''sidebar'', or elements within the tiddlers such as its ''subtitle, buttons toolbar, and tags''. If so, well, here is your first chance to foray into the world of TiddlyWiki behind-the-scenes code. Here are the instructions:
# Open the StyleSheetPrint tiddler and doubleclick on it to put it into edit mode.
# Double-click THIS tiddler to go into edit mode here, too.
# Each line below represents a part of TiddlyWiki that you don't want to print. Decide what you want and don't want to print, then insert the appropriate lines of code from below into the StyleSheetPrint tiddler, right under the line that says "#displayArea {margin: 1em 1em 0em 1em;}."
@media print {#mainMenu {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {#sidebar {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {#messageArea {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {#toolbar {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {.header {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {.tiddler .subtitle {display: none ! important;}}
@media print {.tiddler .toolbar {display; none ! important; }}
@media print {.tiddler .tagging {display; none ! important; }}
@media print {.tiddler .tagged {display; none ! important; }}
4. Close both tiddlers. Now use your browser's print preview function to see what will be printed. Did you remove all the elements that you wanted to? I hope so.!Moveable type pressing ink onto paper * Paper manufacturing was invented by the Chinese, borrowed by the Persians, then Arabs, then the West. * Moveable woodblocks contained single characters each and probably were by the Chinese. * Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany perfected using [[metal single characters| to compose mirror-image messages that were then covered with ink and pressed into the overlying paper. * [[Gutenberg's Bibles| were printed from 1452-53. | "The height of Gutenberg’s art of printing is considered to be the 42-line bible (B42). The 2-volume bible with a total of 1,282 pages was created with the help of a staff of 20. For this bible, Gutenberg cast 290 different shapes. The colorful initials and signs were added later by an illuminator and a columnist. Of the 180 copies, it is assumed that 150 were printed on paper, while the remaining 30 were printed on exquisite parchment. Today, 48 copies remain in existence." [[Source: Gutenberg Museum| | [img[Gutenberg bible| [[Source.| | * In 1424, Oxford had 122 vellum books in it's ''entire library'', each worth a farm in value. * After 1453, books could be printed and read by far many more people due to this new communications device. * This created the technology to allow @@color(red):''accessibility''@@ to the scientific discoveries occurring in the Renaissance- so many copies could be disseminated that the precious knowledge wasn't bound to a few sparse locations as in the Greek, Roman, and [[ByzantineEmpire]]s. * After Columbus had set sail for India using PtoLemy's incorrect earth size, printed maps and charts benefited from the work of [[Eratosthenes]] and incorporated notes from sea captains returning from around the world. | The known explored world of the West ''doubled in size'' from 1500 to 1600. ''Printing presses accelerated the rational discussion and mapmaking that such a feat demanded''. |
!Yep. Cartoons about [[Projectiles]]
!Applications of Newton's laws and gravity as it applies to thrown objects and satellite motion. * Ch07Hewitt; Test Objectives can be found at Projectile-Objectives. |!Physics Links|!Description| |[[JPL's live orbital diagrams | | Want to know positions for any known bodies in the solar system at any date? The ClockworkUniverse at its best from Cal Tech + NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. | |[[Gravity mapping of the Earth by NASA| pair of satellites will soon begin mapping tiny variations in Earth's gravity, allowing scientists to track the motions of mass around and beneath the globe for the first time. Measuring "g" tells us a lot about the underlying physical structures of the earth.| |[[NORAD--North American Aerospace Defense Command| |You can find links to the crucial role that evaluating projectile paths and the orbital mechanics of satellites has for the defense of the US. Space Command is based out of Cheyenne Mountain near Colorado Springs. | |[[How Satellites Work| understanding orbital velocity and projectile motion allows agencies to give you broadcasts from around the world. | |[[NASA unmanned satellite links page| |A roundup of all of the NASA and other space agencies that launch artificial satellites into space. | |[[NASA real-time tracking of satellites| |In this java applet you can load and locate all of the NASA satellites along with numerous national and commercial ones | |[["New Moon"| |A team project from San Diego on rogue asteroid intervention. A great "what if" scenario. | |[[Can "Armageddon" come true?| |NASA's Near Earth Object program keeps track of the space rocks that could impact our planet. A well-done Flash presentation. | |!Simulators and Games|>| |[[Monkey & Hunter Simulation| | Practice shooting a falling object with this Java applet. | |[[Practicing with the Catapult @ the U of Minnesota| |A great java applet. You don't have to understand the air resistance equations to hit the target- just turn off the air if you wish. Try and deliver a payload to the top of a tower. | |[[Projectile Motion U of Virginia| |Want to verify that a 70 degree and 20 degree launch end up at the same spot? Use this applet. | |[[Physics Education Technology at U Colorado at Boulder| Flash. Does changing the type of object launched influence the path when there is no air resistance? | |[[Impact and Gravity Simulator, v 2.2| |This IBM programmer has made a very complex simulator. Want to fire a planetoid into orbit around the sun? Lose the moon? Have fun- source code is available! | |[[Space Penguins Flash Game| |A truly addictive and fun little game that allows you to use your knowledge of the inverse-square law to slingshot a lost avian astronaut back to his spaceship. | | ![[Additional Web Links| |>|
!Test Objectives for Universal Gravitation and Projectiles /Satellite Motion (Ch07Hewitt) | Equations Given on the test in the form of PhysicsExamFormulas handout |>|>| | Store these values in your calculator: |>|>| | ''@@color:red;G@@'' = 6.674 E-11 N* m^^2^^/ kg^^2^^ (universal strength of gravity) | ''@@color:blue;E@@'' = 5.98 E24 kg (mass of Earth) | ''@@color:green;R@@'' = 6.37E6 m (radius of Earth) | * The LawOfUniversalGravitation * To find how far below the LineOfDeparture a projectile falls each second use the complete ProjectileEquation: *** When Dy = 0 then the projectile has hit the ground. Solving for time at this point yields the ''t~~total~~'' for the projectile. ** Horizontal distance has no acceleration if there is NO air resistance: ''D~~x~~ = V~~x~~* t~~total~~''. ** You ''must'' have a functional graphing calculator on the test. * The problems over these topics will be drawn from your previous problems sets; just the values will be changed! | ''Ch07Hewitt Items to know for the test:'' | # Know the contributions of these people to the understanding of gravity and it's effect on motion: ## HistoryOfPhysicsI packet: CoperNicus, TychoBrahe; ## HistoryOfPhysicsII packet: [[Kepler|KeplersLaws]], GaliLeo, EdmundHalley, IsaacNewton, Cavendish & Jolly. # Explain the central premise of the ClockworkUniverse that allows allow us to calculate things like [[tonight's star chart for Dallas| # Be able to explain what an [[inverse-square law|LawOfUniversalGravitation]] means and give examples of what things obey this relationship. ## Distinguish between Big “G” vs. little “g” ## What effect does doubling the distance away from the source do to the 'strength' of the effect? ## ''@@color:green;__Essay Question:__ Why was directly connecting the motion in the heavens to ordinary motions here on Earth so revolutionary? How did Newton's LawOfUniversalGravitation change our view of the universe and our place in it?@@'' ### //Hint:// These discoveries led to a period known as the Enlightenment, during which our country was founded on universal principles of liberty. # What did Newton’s Cannonball thought experiment tell us about orbital velocity & EscapeVelocity? ## Orbits are a free-fall around a [[GravityWell]] of a more massive object. What determines the 'depth' of such a 'well'? ## The ability to calculate accelerations due to [[GravityWell]]s is crucial for having time to [[head-off major impact events|ProjectileProbs4]] due to the massive [[KineticEnergy]] of impacts (like [[Feb. 2013 in Russia|). Identify these objects and their composition and likely origin: @@Comet, Asteroid, Meteor/meteroid.@@ # ''Be able to state for projectiles how distance, time, velocity (in both "x" and "y" directions) are related to each other in either the "x" or the "y" direction. '' ## Launch angles will either be 45 degrees or unstated. ## You should be able to determine, by examining the V~~x~~ and V~~y~~ is a launch is greater or less than 45 degrees. You will NOT have to use trigonometry. ## Use the Pythagorean Theorem to break a 45° velocity launch vector (V~~actual~~ or V~~total~~) into identical V~~x~~ and V~~y~~'s. ### 2a^^2^^ = c^^2^^ where a = V~~x~~ and V~~y~~; c= V~~actual~~ at 45 degrees. ### Range at 45 degrees = ''D~~X~~ = (V~~actual~~)^^2^^/ g'' and the ratio of D~~X~~: D~~y~~ = 4:1. ## Use the Pythagorean Theorem to add V~~x~~ and V~~y~~ to make V~~actual~~. ## Finding the ''t~~top~~ or t~~fall~~'' is a crucial point in a projectile's parabola. Assume that V~~y~~ = 0 at this point and there is no additional height to fall from, so D~~y~~ is the highest distance above the ground. ### Thus ''-D~~y~~ = -1/2*g*(t~~top~~)^^2^^'' at the exact midpoint of a projectile's path with no air resistance. This midpoint is where the maximum height of the projectile matches the maximum drop under the influence of gravity. ### ''V~~y~~ = g* t~~top~~'' since only vertical velocity is affected by gravity's acceleration. ### ''V~~x~~ = a constant rate based on D~~x~~/ t~~total~~''. # How does gravity's acceleration change a launched object that is trying to obey Newton's 1st law (travel in a straight line at a constant speed? # What part of the projectile equation describes the straight line path of an object in a state of inertia? # What part of the projectile equation describes gravity's pull downwards on an object? # How do the vertical and the horizontal velocities differ in a projectile problem in their behavior? | !Resources: | | [[Wolfram Alpha Astronomy calculator| |
* Link to interactive flash animation of how a [[Projectile's path changes with air resistance| ** Should play within your browser in a new tab. ** Change the settings and see what happens!
!Doodling... > [[Source: MrFizix.| |[img[Doodling isn't advised...|
!-D~~y~~ = Distance dropped below the line of departure as a function of time (t): forms a parabola
* ''-D~~y~~ (LineOfDeparture) - (Effect of gravity)''
* ''-D~~y~~ = (V~~y~~*t + launch height) - (½ *g *t^^2^^) ''
* ''-D~~y~~ = (½ *-g *t^^2^^) + (V~~y~~*t + launch height) when written in quadratic form (ax^^2^^ + bx +c).''
* The equation contains 3 main parts:
** @@D~~y~~@@ = Height at any moment in time. This will decrease as gravity pulls downward (negative direction).
** @@-½*g*t^^2^^@@ = Vertical distance change ''downwards'' due to ''acceleration caused by gravity.''
** @@''Initial height of launch''@@ = y-intercept of the LineOfDeparture
| !In the calculator let Y = height and X = time. |>|
| Since we are focusing on ''height'', use V~~y~~ for the vertical slope of the line. |>|
| Calculator format: @@''Y= V~~y~~*X + launch height - ½*g*X^^2^^''@@ |
| When at the ''top of the parabola'', V~~y~~= 0 m/s and ''@@t~~top~~@@'' can be found if height (D~~y~~) is known. @@''D~~y~~ = ½*g*(t~~top~~)^^2^^''@@ |
> //Example: Graph the parabola of a projectile launching at 45 m/s up and 22 m/s over at a launch height of 4 m on Earth: //
>> a. Ignore the horizontal component since it will not influence height.
>> b. Line of departure for moving upwards in the calculator: ''{{{Y= 45X + 4}}}''
>> c. Subtract the effect of gravity pulling downwards from the LineOfDeparture: ''{{{Y= 45X + 4 -5X}}}^^2^^'' in the calculator.
>> d. Hit the {{{GRAPH}}} button and adjust the window to see the parabola. You can {{{Trace}}} the projectile's path.
* Since the projectile accelerates downward in the absence of F~~thrust~~, the vertical change in distance is based on gravity decreasing height by an exponential amount as time goes on:
* Additional starting height = h = in meters is the elevated position above the ground (h = 0) at launch. Equal to the y-intercept of the parabola. Provides some additional hang time.# Free iPad __Comet Quest__ App from the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena. ## [[See it in the Itunes app store.| ## Try and maneuver a lander onto the surface of a comet. # Kerbal Space Program game for the PC. ## [[While still in Beta| this game is to space exploration what @@Minecraft@@ is to terrestrial exploration: a giant sandbox of fun! ## Send Kerbal minions to colonize other worlds in spacecraft that you build. | <html><html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Kerbal rocket launch gone astray!" width="500" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|
!Double sided worksheet on the graphical method of finding positions below the LineOfDeparture. * Straight out ball-off-a-cliff * Cannonball upwards at an angle |[img[Word symbol| Practice Worksheet| Practice 12.pdf]]|
* Horizontal vs. Vertical components of motion on a golf ball. |[img[Word symbol| Problem 1A worksheet| MOTION 1A.doc]]|
* Featuring the Killer Rabbit of Antioch. |[img[Word symbol| Problem 1B worksheet| MOTION 1B.doc]]|
!Projectile Problems
* Catapult calc's and Hot air balloon targeting |[img[Word symbol| Problems II|
!Answer key to ProjectileProbs2. |[img[PDF symbol| [[ProjectileProbs2-Answers|
* Do on another sheet of paper. Show all equations, setups with labelled values, and box your final answers.
# Suppose that you are an accident investigator and that you are asked to figure whether or not a car was speeding before it crashed through the rail of the bridge and into the mudbank below. The speed limit on the bridge is 55 mph or 24 m/s. The car's impact site in the mud is 5 m down and 24 m sideways from the point it left the guardrail. What is your conclusion?
## Find the time to fall a D~~y~~ of 5 m. Assume g = -10 m/s^^2^^. Time to fall = {{{_________}}} sec
###Time in the air is based solely on the distance fallen and the acceleration of gravity.
## IF the car was going at the speed limit, it’s V~~x~~ would have been 24 m/s before it hit the rail and broke through. Was it probably speeding? What information at the spot where the car broke through the guard rail could you collect to support this conclusion?
# An object is thrown on earth so that it’s V~~y~~ = 30 m/s and it’s V~~x~~ = 60 m/s. If you focus on the V~~y~~ alone you can figure out the time~~top~~. The V~~x~~ takes it sideways for the entire time~~total~~.
## Is this a 45 degree launch? If not, is it steeper or shallower than 45 degrees? {{{___________}}}
## Find the time~~top~~ by understanding that (V~~y~~)/ g = t~~top~~= {{{_________}}} sec
## Find the t~~total~~ = {{{_________}}} sec
## Find the D~~x~~ or range covered by this projectile. Remember that rate * time = distance when no acceleration is taking place. V~~x~~ never changes since we have no air resistance. D~~x~~ = {{{___________}}} m
# What would happen if you switch the two velocity components? Make V~~y~~ = 60 m/s and it’s V~~x~~ = 30 m/s. and find the same results you did in #2 above. Explain the results.
|Backup|[img[Word symbol| Problems 3|!Show all setups with units and box your final answer. * Impact energies due to in falling chunks of ice and/or rock moving at 11,200 m/s into our atmosphere can be immense. # According to Ch07Hewitt, why is the EscapeVelocity set at 11.2 km/s for Earth? How does the [[GPE]] of a single kg mass changing to KE explain this? # The 'slope' of the GravityWell around Earth means that any incoming object also reaches a V~~maximum~~ of 11.2 km/s. Remember that KE= 0.5*m*v^^2^^ in Joules, which are tiny units of energy! This is why vast energies are often given as equivalent to the energy stored in a ton of TNT explosives. Hiroshima's nuclear blast in 1945 was ~16 ktons of TNT ~ 63 ~TeraJoules = 63E12 J. ## Find the mass in kg necessary to impact the Earth at 11.2 km/second to equal the Hiroshima blast. ## A Nickel-iron meteor would have an average density of about 8 g/ cm^^3^^. Using your answer above, find the # of cubic centimeters of nickel-iron needed to match that mass. ## Assume that this meteor would be a cube- how many meters on a side would it be? # Starting on Dec. 13th we are going to experience the annual [[Geminoid Meteor Shower| which will peak at 100 events/hour on the 13th and 14th of December. The Earth passes through the remains of the dust tail of the [[3200 Phaethon rock comet| ## The rocky comet Phaethon has a density of around 2 g/cm^^3^^ and has an estimated mass of 1.4E14 kg. It has no chance of hitting the earth based on it's current orbit, but let's imagine it does. Assume V~~maximum~~ for the reentry. __How many Hiroshima Blasts would all of it's KE equate to?__ ## How a rocky comet makes enough debris to cause this meteor shower is [[still under investigation.|GeminidRockComet]] [img[Impact crater forming| * The [[Cretaceous impact event 65 MYA in the Yucatan| that killed off the dinosaurs is thought to have been a 420 ~ZetaJoule (E21 Joules) event. * The last major impact event was over Russia in 2013. [[Watch the video of this airburst above a Russian city.|
!Projectile Problem Set 5. Equations can be found in Projectile-Objectives. | Show all formulas, setups and box all answers. | # A baseball is launched from an air blast PVC cannon at 45 degrees. The ball's mass is 145 g. The F~~air on ball~~ is 232 N. The PVC cannon has a length of 50 cm. Assume no friction and g =-10m/s^^2^^. |[img[PVC cannon| ## Find the [[Work]] done on the ball by the air cannon. ## Find the Δ[[KE|Work-Energy]] for the ball due to the work done on it. ## Find the V~~actual~~ at launch. ## Find the V~~y~~ and V~~x~~ for this 45 degree launch. ## Find the t~~top~~, and t~~total~~ for this launch. ## Find the D~~y~~ and D~~x~~ for this launch. # A hockey puck with a 100 g mass is [[slid sideways off a smooth tabletop|LineOfDeparture]] whose height is 1.3 meters. ## Find the t~~total~~ for this launch (when the puck hits the floor). ## Is t~~top~~ equal to t~~total~~ for this launch? ## Does V~~y~~ directly influence V~~x~~? Does mass directly affect V~~y~~? ## What would V~~y~~ at impact be? ## If there is a target on the floor 2.1 meters away from the table's edge, what V~~x~~ would be needed to hit this mark? ## If the target at 2.1 meters away was a narrow can that was 20 cm high, would you need to increase or decrease the V~~X~~ at launch?
!Answers to ProjectileProbs5:
!Optional Advanced problems: 'A' to 'A+' level Rocket Science that ties in your work with [[Momentum]]. Assume no air resistance and Earth~~g~~= -9.8 m/s^^2^^. * The MarsScienceLab launched in Nov. 2011 on an [[Atlas V rocket| with a mass of 531,000 kilograms (with the robotic explorer payload on top). | ''Main Engine Atlas V'' | ''Solid Rocket Boosters'' | ''Stage 2: Centaur rocket'' | ''Payload Housing the MSL at the top'' | |[img[Rocket breakdown for Mars Science Lab| [img[Solid Rocket Boosters| | [img[Stage 2: Centaur: | | [img[Payload Housing the MSL at the top| | | The main engine in the first stage burns out at 253 seconds into the flight. Peak F~~thrust~~ of main engine is 3.8E6 N | The 4 Solid rocket boosters burn out at 94 seconds into the flight and seconds later are dropped into the Atlantic. Peak F~~thrust~~ of solid rocket boosters = 4 sets of (F~~thrust of solid rocket boosters~~ @ 1.36E6 N each). | Centaur thrust is 99,200 N | Engines here are only used for small course corrections and the retrorockets fired at landing. | # Find F~~thrust total~~ at launch for 1 main engine + 4 solid rocket boosters. # Find the F~~net~~ at launch. //Hint:// is there gravity acting on the rocket against the F~~thrust total~~? # Find the predicted a~~net~~ at launch. ## The actual a~~net~~ at the start, as seen in the AtlasVLaunch video, is about 2 m/s^^2^^. This is because the engines have to power up over time to reach F~~thrust total~~. As rockets expel mass and get higher above the earth, how would expect their a~~net~~ to change? # The solid rockets drop off around 100 seconds into the flight at an altitude of 38,000 m. What would be a constant average acceleration from launch that would achieve this height at 100 seconds? # Nasa announced in late 2011 that they have located a ExoSolar planet in the Goldilocks Zone: [[Kepler-22B| ## IF ~Kepler-22B has a radius that is 2.4x the Earth's and a mass about 2.5x the Earth's, find your weight on the surface of this new world (See Projectile-Objectives for Earth's values). ## What % change in your weight would there be on ~Kepler-22B compared to here in Dallas? # Using the online EscapeVelocity calculator, please find the escape velocity for the planet Mars (mass = 6.41E23 kg; radius = 3396.2 km)? # When the MarsScienceLab "Curiosity" entered the Martian atmosphere in August, 2012 it had an incoming velocity of 5,900 meters per second. After watching the [[simulation of the entry to the atmosphere|MarsScienceLab]] describe: ## How is the momentum of the craft slowed from the maximum at entry? # To have almost no acceleration in the final descent stage there was a chassis with retrorockets and a sky crane that lowered the rover to the ground. The entry stage goes from 80 m/s to a __constant 0.75 m/s__ downwards due to the firing of 8 rockets with 3.1 kN of thrust __each__ over a period of 40 seconds. ## Find the F~~thrust total~~ during this period. ## Find the a~~net~~ during this period. [img[descent stage msl on mars|
* Good A & B level questions. #1-3 should take 20 minutes. #4 is a bonus problem. |[img[Word symbol|
|[img[PDF symbol| [[ProjectileSampleTest Answers|
!Using NewtonsLaws and an understanding of [[LawOfUniversalGravitation]] to calculate the path of thrown and orbiting objects.
!Aeronautic power plants Mach # vs. impulse |[img[Power Plant output vs. velocity| | HC fule = Hydrocarbon Fuel = oil based fuel. [[Source.| |
!When a [[Nebula collapses|NebularTheory]] to the point of nuclear fusion. | Rendering of a protostar forming in a nebulae. [[Source.| | | [img[Rendering of a protostar forming in a nebulae| |
!Bill's Nye take on debunking pseudoscience. Season 1, Episode 2 "The Eyes of Nye". <html> <object width="560" height="315"><param name="movie" value="//"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="//" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object> </html>
!Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer attempted to compile all astronomical knowledge in the 2nd century CE into the //Almagest//. * His original work in Greek was translated into Arabic as ''al-Majisti'' (Great Work). > from __[[Ptolemy and Copernicus on their cosmological postulates:| | "In the first book of the ''//Almagest//'', Ptolemy presented the cosmological assumptions, which served as the foundation of his astronomy. Similarly, CoperNicus considered cosmological questions in the first book of ''//De revolutionibus//''. It is worth comparing briefly these sections of the two works." |>| |"Ptolemy stated (Book I, chap. 2) that 'the first order of business is to grasp the relationship of the earth taken as a whole to the heavens taken as a whole'. He outlined the 'general preliminary discussion', covering these topics:"| !Cover of a translation of Ptolemy's works on @@color:black;Astrology@@ where he tried to systematize the art of predicting fate using planetary positions. | |!His major ideas:| [img[Ptolemy "Tetrabiblos" treatise on astrology cover woodprint.| | |1. the heaven is spherical in shape and moves spherically; |~| |2. the Earth is also, when taken as a whole, sensibly spherical in shape; |~| |3. the Earth is in the middle of the heavens, with regard to the senses; |~| |4. the Earth has the ratio of a point relative to the size of the heavens; |~| |5. the Earth has no motion from place to place. |~| * CoperNicus built off these ideas, altering #3, 4, & 5 in his HelioCentric model. !Epicycles | Epicycle pattern used to deal with issues of a GeoCentric universe. | | In order to get the planet's orbits in his GeoCentric model to match observations, circular orbits orbiting circles had to be invented: the @@color:red;epicycle@@. | | [img[Epicycles patterns make curly-cue orbit patterns| | | [[Image source: U of Maine| | | To see how these complicated structures could be used to make anything, see the video called [[Ptolemy and Homer (Simpson)| |
* Interactive flash animation [[Pulley Practice| illustrating SimpleMachines using MechanicalAdvantage. ** Should play within your browser in a new tab. ** Change the settings and see what happens!
!Discovered by the Greek mathematician Pythagoras of the island of Samos (~580 BC - ~500 BC) > "He was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom, and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato." [[Source| |[img[Pythagorean theorem| joke|
* The outer atomic structure, tiny electromagnets known as orbiting electrons, primarily determines the resonance frequencies of EM radiation or light being absorbed. Water resonates in the microwave range, while metals resonate with radio frequencies. * The electrons around atoms have their own “beat pattern” that is based on the radius of their orbit around the nucleus. When atoms absorb light it is because their electron orbits – a “beat pattern” or standing wave itself- matches the incoming frequency and thus the energy content of the light. Absorbed light energy causes electrons to move to a “higher” orbit (move away from the nucleus) for a trillionth of a second. * When the electrons fall back down to a lower orbit they release a bundle of light energy that can, in turn, be passed to another atom whose electron “beat pattern” matches the incoming EM energy. This concept is connected to the field of study known as quantum mechanics.
/***
|Name:|QuickOpenTagPlugin|
|Description:|Changes tag links to make it easier to open tags as tiddlers|
|Version:|3.0.1a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
***/
//{{{
config.quickOpenTag = { dropdownChar: (document.all ? "\u25bc" : "\u25be"), // the little one doesn't work in IE? createTagButton: function(place,tag,excludeTiddler) { // little hack so we can do this: <<tag PrettyTagName|RealTagName>> var splitTag = tag.split("|"); var pretty = tag; if (splitTag.length == 2) { tag = splitTag[1]; pretty = splitTag[0]; } var sp = createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"quickopentag"); createTiddlyText(createTiddlyLink(sp,tag,false),pretty); var theTag = createTiddlyButton(sp,config.quickOpenTag.dropdownChar, config.views.wikified.tag.tooltip.format([tag]),onClickTag); theTag.setAttribute("tag",tag); if (excludeTiddler) theTag.setAttribute("tiddler",excludeTiddler); return(theTag); }, miniTagHandler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { var tagged = store.getTaggedTiddlers(tiddler.title); if (tagged.length > 0) { var theTag = createTiddlyButton(place,config.quickOpenTag.dropdownChar, config.views.wikified.tag.tooltip.format([tiddler.title]),onClickTag); theTag.setAttribute("tag",tiddler.title); theTag.className = "miniTag"; } }, allTagsHandler: function(place,macroName,params) { var tags = store.getTags(params[0]); var filter = params[1]; // new feature var ul = createTiddlyElement(place,"ul"); if(tags.length == 0) createTiddlyElement(ul,"li",null,"listTitle",this.noTags); for(var t=0; t<tags.length; t++) { var title = tags[t][0]; if (!filter || (title.match(new RegExp('^'+filter)))) { var info = getTiddlyLinkInfo(title); var theListItem =createTiddlyElement(ul,"li"); var theLink = createTiddlyLink(theListItem,tags[t][0],true); var theCount = " (" + tags[t][1] + ")"; theLink.appendChild(document.createTextNode(theCount)); var theDropDownBtn = createTiddlyButton(theListItem," " + config.quickOpenTag.dropdownChar,this.tooltip.format([tags[t][0]]),onClickTag); theDropDownBtn.setAttribute("tag",tags[t][0]); } } }, // todo fix these up a bit styles: [
"/*{{{*/",
"/* created by QuickOpenTagPlugin */",
".tagglyTagged .quickopentag, .tagged .quickopentag ",
" { margin-right:1.2em; border:1px solid #eee; padding:2px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:1px; }",
".quickopentag .tiddlyLink { padding:2px; padding-left:3px; }",
".quickopentag a.button { padding:1px; padding-left:2px; padding-right:2px;}",
"/* extra specificity to make it work right */",
"#displayArea .viewer .quickopentag a.button, ",
"#displayArea .viewer .quickopentag a.tiddyLink, ",
"#mainMenu .quickopentag a.tiddyLink, ",
"#mainMenu .quickopentag a.tiddyLink ",
" { border:0px solid black; }",
"#displayArea .viewer .quickopentag a.button, ",
"#mainMenu .quickopentag a.button ",
" { margin-left:0px; padding-left:2px; }",
"#displayArea .viewer .quickopentag a.tiddlyLink, ",
"#mainMenu .quickopentag a.tiddlyLink ",
" { margin-right:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; margin-left:0px; }",
"a.miniTag {font-size:150%;} ",
"#mainMenu .quickopentag a.button ",
" /* looks better in right justified main menus */",
" { margin-left:0px; padding-left:2px; margin-right:0px; padding-right:0px; }",
"#topMenu .quickopentag { padding:0px; margin:0px; border:0px; }",
"#topMenu .quickopentag .tiddlyLink { padding-right:1px; margin-right:0px; }",
"#topMenu .quickopentag .button { padding-left:1px; margin-left:0px; border:0px; }",
"/*}}}*/", ""].join("\n"), init: function() { // we fully replace these builtins. can't hijack them easily window.createTagButton = this.createTagButton; config.macros.allTags.handler = this.allTagsHandler; config.macros.miniTag = { handler: this.miniTagHandler }; config.shadowTiddlers["QuickOpenTagStyles"] = this.styles; store.addNotification("QuickOpenTagStyles",refreshStyles); }
}
config.quickOpenTag.init();
//}}}!Quick reviews of what you've learned
|[img[PDF symbol| Practice| practice 13.pdf]]|
!HeatTransfer by the release or gaining of [[Photons]] of [[Light]] energy * Infrared light is the wavelength primarily radiated away by molecules random vibrations known as ThermalEnergy. | Photons of light stream down into a darkened room and warm the floor that absorbs them. | Worker at a Bangledash metal smelter tries to protect his face from the InfraRed light. | | [img[Shaft of light| | <html><a href="" target="blank" title="Maximum Temperature - II [..Narayanganj, Bangladesh..] by Catch the dream, on Flickr"><img src="" width="400" height="276" alt="Maximum Temperature - II [..Narayanganj, Bangladesh..]"></a></html> |
!US Navy Railgun record at 32MJ of muzzle energy, Dec. 2010. > Current (2016) versions have increased muzzle velocity and penetration power, achieving distances of 100 mmiles. * The iron 'lawndart' slug is a KineticEnergy weapon. It's velocity (Mach 7.5 or 7.5x the speed of [[Sound]]) and mass yields 32 MJ up to 50 MJ at launch. * It uses an ElectroMagnet to repel the slug down a long track. Constant high F~~net~~ produces constant acceleration. ** mass of projectile: ~ 7 kg ** length of barrel: ~ 12 m ** Muzzle velocity = 5600 mi/hr or ~2500 m/s * p = mΔv = 17,500 kg*m/s * Work = ΔKE = F*d = 1/2 m*v^^2^^ so Force = 1,823,000 N of rail gun on projectile * F*t = mΔv so time = 0.009 sec in the barrel * Work/ time = power = F*d/ time = 23.8 ~GWatts of power <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!When matter ([[Sound]]) or energy ([[Light]]) [[Waves]] bounce off of a reflective surface at the same angle it came in at. * This is also stated as "angle of incidence = angle of reflection" or Snell's Law. * Smoother surfaces reflect better than rough ones (they scatter waves in all directions, weakening their perceived intensity). * [[Light]] waves only reflect if they aren't the right wavelength or energy content to be absorbed by molecules (the electronic structure of the molecules won't resonate with that frequency of light). * ''You can see nothing in this world (besides the light source itself) without reflection. '' * Metals, which have unbound electrons in their metallic structure, are very good at reflecting different wave energies. ** A metal spoon in a microwave reflects this radiation to the microwave walls where constructive interference amplifies the microwave energy until a blue-white discharge appears! [img[Wave refelction|
!A wave changes its direction due to a change in speed * Why light is bent as it passes through glass or water (mediums that alter wave velocity). See a RefractionTutorial video. | Refraction of a pencil as seen through a glass of water. [[Image Source.| | A wave is bent due to ''changing it's velocity'' upon entering a ''medium of a differing density'' or depth. | | [img[Refraction of a pencil as seen through a glass of water.| |** Ex: Light moving from air to glass or air to water. When light changes velocity it is the @@velocity apparent to the external observer@@.| |~|* Waves in the ocean can also bend around headlands or seawalls due to increased friction in shallow water slowing wave speed and changing their angles.| |~|** Transmission & ReFraction occur when waves pass through an object (transmission) and are then bent (refraction) as a result of differences in density. Usually transmission causes a loss of energy in the wave and a bending of the path of travel. | |~|** Our AtmoSphere at the surface is transparent to visible light and ~UV-A to ~UV-C. Much of the radio spectrum, microwaves, x-rays, and gamma waves are reflected or absorbed at the upper ionosphere. | | Waves refracting or bending as their velocity changes as the ocean depth decreases. [[Image Source.| |** Refraction occurs when waves (wiggles in space and time) cross between substances of different density. | |[img[Wave refraction due to depth changes closer to shore. | |** Cold layers of air will bend sound differently than warm layers of air. | |~|** All lenses, like in a camera or your HumanEye, will refract or bend the light image to create a focal point (where the light waves intersect). | |~|* ''@@color:blue;Blue light@@'' is the @@most energetic frequency@@ of visible light and thus @@bends the most@@ when encountering a thicker material such as glass, while red light is deflected the least. | |~|* ''An analogy'' that helps explain this involves comparing quickly turning wheels versus sticking wheels on a car: //If one side of a car has its wheels leave the pavement and hit sticky, dense mud on the shoulder of a road, those wheels will slow down. The whole car’s path is then bent towards the road’s shoulder because the outer wheels are still traveling faster with respect to ground than the muddy wheels are. The faster the car is moving, the greater the (-) acceleration due to the mud, and the more sharply bent the car’s path would be. //|
!See Thermo-Objectives #3d, e 3d. How does a [[refrigeration system| (click and view the interactive diagram) use the principles of pressure, temperature, volume, and state changes in fluids to cool warm objects? 3e. Identify 4 major changes in the life of Dallas that have resulted from mastering artificial cold (since 1900). | ''Schematic of a Refrigeration cycle. Identify the features at each number.'' | | [img[Refrigerator system parts| | | [[Source.| | | Steam power was first used to make industrial ice using ammonia coolant in the [[refrigeration cycle.| The steam has now been replaced by electric pumps and the refrigerant by other less biologically active substances. This was how Dallas's own [[Texas Icehouse in downtown started making ice | (cool St. Mark's connection = bonus question on test!). | # Why did we have to understand ''heat engines'' before we could make effective __cold engines__? ## What are the key features of all __cold engines__? # How did mastering the technology of cold change our world here in Dallas in the 20th century? Can you identify 4 major changes to urban life? Some consequences are that we can now: ## extend the distances human populations live from their food source, ## preserve large amounts and varieties of foods for use out-of-season, ## cool dwellings and worksplaces without needing to open windows and to keep them at a controlled temperature and humidity (air conditioning), ## sustain greater population growth in the warmer climates like Texas, ## make high-rise buildings feasible by eliminating huge pressure differences (and high air flow) that would have been caused by narrow openings in a building at a high elevation, ## advance medical treatments that rely upon keeping proteins stable (both inside and outside a body) at colder temperatures.
!Amplification of a system when disturbed by periodic impulses that [[match|InterFerence]] a natural frequency of that system > Go to the [[Science Trek section of the Physics 2000 web site| for cartoon tutorials on these topics. * Amplification is due to @@constructive@@ InterFerence. ** [[Subtractive color|Color]] relates to resonance by pigments with certain wavelengths of light. * To resonate with means to have an AbSorption (termed natural vibration rate) that matches the energy content and frequency of that wave. * All materials have their own natural number of beats per second (frequency in Hertz) that is based on their ** A) type of material, ** B) the density of the object, ** C) the length & thickness of the object. <<player id=7 image 600 240>> [[Source:XKCD comic| * This resonance applies to both [[Sound]] (A through C) and [[Light]] waves (primarily “A”; “C” will apply when the whole object is so small as to approach the wavelength of the light itself- like the air around you). ** This resonance happens when wave crests are piled exactly onto wave crests as beats match beats- @@constructive@@ InterFerence. Any absorbed energy is (usually) converted to random molecular motion, or released as infrared light. ** If the beats/second match the natural resonate frequency of the object then the response will be MUCH GREATER because of the waves are having crests added to crests (constructive InterFerence).
!Flash Tutorial * [[TutorVista's animation of this is shown below.| This British site involves a much more mathematical approach than we'll take here (SM Junior level optics). "Rarer" = less dense! <<player id=6 flash
/***
|Name:|RenameTagsPlugin|
|Description:|Allows you to easily rename or delete tags across multiple tiddlers|
|Version:|3.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License|
Rename a tag and you will be prompted to rename it in all its tagged tiddlers.
***/
//{{{
config.renameTags = { prompts: { rename: "Rename the tag '%0' to '%1' in %2 tidder%3?", remove: "Remove the tag '%0' from %1 tidder%2?" }, removeTag: function(tag,tiddlers) { store.suspendNotifications(); for (var i=0;i<tiddlers.length;i++) { store.setTiddlerTag(tiddlers[i].title,false,tag); } store.resumeNotifications(); store.notifyAll(); }, renameTag: function(oldTag,newTag,tiddlers) { store.suspendNotifications(); for (var i=0;i<tiddlers.length;i++) { store.setTiddlerTag(tiddlers[i].title,false,oldTag); // remove old store.setTiddlerTag(tiddlers[i].title,true,newTag); // add new } store.resumeNotifications(); store.notifyAll(); }, storeMethods: { saveTiddler_orig_renameTags: TiddlyWiki.prototype.saveTiddler, saveTiddler: function(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields,clearChangeCount,created,creator) { if (title != newTitle) { var tagged = this.getTaggedTiddlers(title); if (tagged.length > 0) { // then we are renaming a tag if (confirm(config.renameTags.prompts.rename.format([title,newTitle,tagged.length,tagged.length>1?"s":""]))) config.renameTags.renameTag(title,newTitle,tagged); if (!this.tiddlerExists(title) && newBody == "") // dont create unwanted tiddler return null; } } return this.saveTiddler_orig_renameTags(title,newTitle,newBody,modifier,modified,tags,fields,clearChangeCount,created,creator); }, removeTiddler_orig_renameTags: TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler, removeTiddler: function(title) { var tagged = this.getTaggedTiddlers(title); if (tagged.length > 0) if (confirm(config.renameTags.prompts.remove.format([title,tagged.length,tagged.length>1?"s":""]))) config.renameTags.removeTag(title,tagged); return this.removeTiddler_orig_renameTags(title); } }, init: function() { merge(TiddlyWiki.prototype,this.storeMethods); }
}
config.renameTags.init();
//}}}!Breaking a wine glass using ReSonance <html> <iframe width="480" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
! American physicist (1918-1998) and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. !!! Best mind since Einstein! > "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for Nature cannot be fooled" !! Developed his famous diagrams to show the abstract interactions of tiny particles and energies in the field of quantum electrodynamics. * [[Stories about his life at Feynman.com| * [[On why imagination is key to science (BBC video: watch the first 3 minutes)| |<html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Hwilsonart: quick portrait of richard feynman" width="500" border="0"></div></html>|
> A man whose hand is exactly 110 m above a valley on the side of a cliff hurls a 1 kg rock upwards at 28 m/s. As always, assume no friction and g = -10 m/s^^2^^. * Draw a sketch of the rocks change in position. * For each of 5 events listed in the grid below, fill in an energy box for each position. Energy box states PE~~total~~, KE~~instant~~, E~~total~~. * Create a Grid with rows labeled as Events (start, top, passing hand, bottom) and the columns as (Events, time (s), KE (J), PE (J), velocity (m/s), acceleration (m/s^^2^^) (see below). * KE at the start of the throw is just after it has left his hand. * Fill in the table below in order to answer questions ''a-d''. | !Events | ''time (s)'' | !KE (J) at that moment | ''velocity (m/s)'' | !PE (J) above valley floor | ''Total Energy'' (J) above valley floor | !distance above valley (m) | acceleration (m/s^^2^^) | |1. start @ h =110 m | 0 | 1/2* m*v^^2^^ | +28 | m*g*h | KE + PE | 110 | -10 | |2. top of arc | 2.8 | 392 J |||||| |3. passing hand on way down |||||||| |4. velocity = -40 m/s |||||||| |5. bottom of cliff |||||||| a) Calculate the maximum height of the rock above the bottom of the cliff. Remember, KE at start becomes PE at the top of the throw. b) How fast is the rock going as it passes his hand going downwards towards the bottom of the cliff? c) How high above the valley is the rock when it is going 40 m/s downward? d) How fast is the rock going when it strikes the ground in the valley?
* Very similar to test questions! * Try and have vector lengths sum up so that the F~~net~~ matches the expected outcome. Direction and magnitudes do matter! * Using a ruler and pencil, add the vectors Head-To-Tail using VectorAddition. * "C" level: correct # vectors; "B" level: correct direction of vectors; "A" level: correct lengths or magnitudes of vectors. |[img[PDF symbol| [[Rocks With Vectors 2 worksheet|
|[img[Word symbol| [[Rock with vectors| with Vectors.doc]]| * When considering the forces in a rope supporting a weight, remember that the support force vectors MUST follow the direction of the rope itself. * Remember, all vectors can be broken down or "resolved into components", much like a hypotenuse of a right triangle can be broken into the two other legs. * All vectors are added Head-To-Tail.
![[D-V-A]] __A+ level__ graphical problem * A rocket launches on a planet with a "g" of -6 m/s^^2^^ (the planet has a smaller mass than the earth and a slightly larger radius). The rocket's mass is 2000 kg. Its engine produces a thrust with a total positive acceleration of 26 m/s^^2^^. The thrust lasts for 32 seconds, and then the engine cuts off. At this point the rocket's only acceleration is due to the downwards tug of gravity. The rocket continues upward until V= 0 m/s. The rocket then continues at an acceleration of 'g'. When the rocket's downwards velocity reaches -40 m/s, the rocket nosecone detaches and out pops a parachute. This chute allows the rocket to continue falling at a constant velocity of -40 m/s until it hits the ground. * ''@@ How long will the entire journey last before it comes back to the ground?@@'' * ''Sketch a graph of the velocity of this rocket from launch until it comes back to the planet surface. '' Graph paper helps. * You will have to use most of the formulas stated in the BasicMotion-Objectives to solve this problem. > Some hints as you sketch the graph: ## Find the Δv over the first 32 seconds (starting from V= 0 m/s). ## What is the slope of the velocity graph for the first 32 seconds? ## Find the height of the rocket at 32 seconds. ## What is the slope of the velocity graph at 34 seconds? ## Find the time (t~~top~~) for the rocket to again reach V= 0 m/s. ## Find the additional height the rocket travels upwards __after__ the engines cut off until V= 0 m/s. ## What happens to the slope of the velocity graph past V= 0 m/s? ## Find the maximum height of the rocket (at V= 0 m/s). ## As the rocket comes down from this height with parachutes, what is its acceleration? ## How long will it take the rocket to hit the ground with parachutes from the maximum height? ## How does the area under the velocity graph (to the x-axis) compare both ''before'' and ''after'' V= 0 m/s? Why? * ~SpaceX's Grasshopper [[lower launch rocket is designed to prevent the scenario above.|
!Rosetta Mission to land on a comet in 2014 | Video on the landing on the Comet by the Philae lander from the Rosetta mission: | |<html><iframe src="" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0"></iframe></html>| | !Overview of the [[ESA Rosetta Mission| | | !Landing on the Comet on 11-12-14 | | <html><iframe src="" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0"></iframe></html> |
| @@color:#3333CC;font-size:18pt;Rummel's Schedule 2013-14@@ |>|>|>| |----|>|>|>| | !Period | ''Time'' | !Location | ''Class'' | | ''Period A- 1st'' |8:00- 8:45 am| [[S211]] | <<gradient horiz #99ccff #ffffff>>''Physical Science 8''>> |>| | ''Period B- 2nd'' |8:50-9:35 am| <<gradient horiz #CCFF66 #ffffff>>''IN OFFICE'' next to S211; S209>> |>| | ''Period C- 3rd'' |9:40-10:25 am| [[S211]] | <<gradient horiz #99ccff #ffffff>>''Physical Science 8''>> |>| | ''Period D- 4th'' |11:00-11:45 am| Great Hall | ''@@color:red;Lunch@@'' |>| | ''Period E- 5th'' |11:50-12:35 pm| <<gradient horiz #CCFF66 #ffffff>>''IN OFFICE''>> |>| | ''Period F- 6th'' |12:40- 1:25 pm| ''S128'' | <<gradient horiz #FFFF00 #ffffff>>''[[Information Engineering]]''>> | | ''Period G- 7th'' |1:30-2:15 pm| [[S211]] | <<gradient horiz #99ccff #ffffff>>''Physical Science 8''>> |>| | ''Period H- 8th'' |2:20- 3:05 pm| <<gradient horiz #CCFF66 #ffffff>>''IN OFFICE''>> |>| | ''9th Period'' |3:05 - 4:30 pm | <<gradient horiz #FFCC66 #ffffff>>''In my office S209 //or// in the [[Robotics Lab| in the SLH''>> |>|
!5th grade science- first floor of Physical Science "C" Building next to aquarium foyer
* [[Map of Campus|SMCampus]] * The ~McDermott-Green Science Center is the Physical Science Building
*[[Map of Campus|SMCampus]] * McDermott-Green Science Center is the Physical Science Building in the SW Corner of campus which is south of the Lower School and SW of the Green Library * S212 is Located on the South West end of the building on the 2nd Floor
!No School!! Debate Tournament Holiday. Enjoy! [img[Fall Break|
!St. Mark's School of Texas Campus Map ''10600 Preston Rd, Dallas Tx, USA 75230'' Courtesy of Google Maps <html> <div align="center"> <iframe width="638" height="525" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src=""></iframe><br /><small><a href="">View Larger Map</a></small> </iframe> </div> </html>
!St. Mark's Science Department Chemistry Safety Contract # Both you and your parents must approve and sign the safety contract| in order for you to do chemistry labs this year. ## Return the signed and dated __bottom of the second sheet __(the contract itself - not all of the rules!) on the stated due date. # No return, no work in the lab. A score of less than 80% on the Safety Quiz over this material will also sideline your @@until you achieve this grade on the retake quiz.@@ # ''@@Quiz@@'' over the contents of the contract and locations of safety equipment in S211. ## Questions will be short : ### //Example:// ''T or F''- You can eat in chemistry lab; You should hide evidence of accidents; You can be kicked out of lab for endangering the safety of yourself or others, etc. ### //Example:// "The first thing you do at a lab bench would be..." ## You will have to mark on a map of the room the exits to the hallway, location of fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull stations, eye wash + shower, fire blanket. |[img[Word| [[Safety Contract|
!Tracking the orbits of all satellites is a crucial function for both NASA and the US Military * Getting a very expensive space vehicle safely to it's destination now requires threading through a [[mass of space debris| * NASA used to track all launches via [[SPACEWARN| but this stopped in 2011 due to budget cuts. * The Military tracks using deep space ground-based imaging radar coordinated in Cheyenne Mountain, home of [[NORAD| * The video below uses [[Google Earth| <html> <object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object> </html>
!Saturn V rocket explained in simple language by XKCD.com * Compare this to the new [[BoeingSLS]] system and SpaceX's [[FalconRocket]]. |[img[Saturn V explained comic|
/***
|Name:|SaveCloseTiddlerPlugin|
|Description:|Provides two extra toolbar commands, saveCloseTiddler and cancelCloseTiddler|
|Version:|3.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
To use these add them to the commands in ToolbarCommands under EditToolbar,
or in the MptwTheme tiddler under EditTemplate.
***/
//{{{
merge(config.commands,{ saveCloseTiddler: { text: 'done/close', tooltip: 'Save changes to this tiddler and close it', handler: function(ev,src,title) { var closeTitle = title; var newTitle = story.saveTiddler(title,ev.shiftKey); if (newTitle) closeTitle = newTitle; return config.commands.closeTiddler.handler(ev,src,closeTitle); } }, cancelCloseTiddler: { text: 'cancel/close', tooltip: 'Undo changes to this tiddler and close it', handler: function(ev,src,title) { // the same as closeTiddler now actually return config.commands.closeTiddler.handler(ev,src,title); } }
});
//}}}* You can save a copy of this current Class [[Wiki]] to your local drive by right clicking on [[this link|#]] and selecting 'Save link as...' or 'Save target as...'. You can choose where to save the file, and what to call it (but keep a .HTM or .HTML extension).
!Drive to save the world's Coral reefs * See entries on GreenhouseGas and the HydroSphere. <html><object width="512" height="400"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"></param><param name="FlashVars" value="playlist=http%3A//"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowScriptAccess="always" width="512" height="400" FlashVars="playlist=http%3A//"></embed></object> </html>
!Diffuse reflection of light off a atomically irregular surface or random emission due to small particle ReSonance. * Light must first be [[absorbed|AbSorption]] (due to a ReSonance) and then reradiated in @@random directions.@@ ** Smaller aerosol particles in air do a good job of this: fog, dust, smoke. ** Engineered materials that do this deliberately to prevent ReFlection are termed PlasmonicMaterials. | Smoke particles scatter incoming light. [[Image Source.| | Fog over Dubai city. [[Image Source.| | | [img[Smoke particles scatter incoming light.| | [img[fog over Dubai city.| |
!Content tied to these various realms of study: BioSphere GeoSphere HydroSphere AtmoSphere AstroNomy
Your name and info goes here.
!The Renaissance reignited the role of human reason in viewing the universe.
/***
|Name:|SelectThemePlugin|
|Description:|Lets you easily switch theme and palette|
|Version:|1.0.1a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!Notes
* Borrows largely from ThemeSwitcherPlugin by Martin Budden
* Theme is cookie based. But set a default by setting config.options.txtTheme in MptwConfigPlugin (for example)
* Palette is not cookie based. It actually overwrites your ColorPalette tiddler when you select a palette, so beware.
!Usage
* {{{<<selectTheme>>}}} makes a dropdown selector
* {{{<<selectPalette>>}}} makes a dropdown selector
* {{{<<applyTheme>>}}} applies the current tiddler as a theme
* {{{<<applyPalette>>}}} applies the current tiddler as a palette
* {{{<<applyTheme TiddlerName>>}}} applies TiddlerName as a theme
* {{{<<applyPalette TiddlerName>>}}} applies TiddlerName as a palette
***/
//{{{
config.macros.selectTheme = { label: { selectTheme:"select theme", selectPalette:"select palette" }, prompt: { selectTheme:"Select the current theme", selectPalette:"Select the current palette" }, tags: { selectTheme:'systemTheme', selectPalette:'systemPalette' }
};
config.macros.selectTheme.handler = function(place,macroName)
{ var btn = createTiddlyButton(place,this.label[macroName],this.prompt[macroName],this.onClick); // want to handle palettes and themes with same code. use mode attribute to distinguish btn.setAttribute('mode',macroName);
};
config.macros.selectTheme.onClick = function(ev)
{ var e = ev ? ev : window.event; var popup = Popup.create(this); var mode = this.getAttribute('mode'); var tiddlers = store.getTaggedTiddlers(config.macros.selectTheme.tags[mode]); // for default if (mode == "selectPalette") { var btn = createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(popup,'li'),"(default)","default color palette",config.macros.selectTheme.onClickTheme); btn.setAttribute('theme',"(default)"); btn.setAttribute('mode',mode); } for(var i=0; i<tiddlers.length; i++) { var t = tiddlers[i].title; var name = store.getTiddlerSlice(t,'Name'); var desc = store.getTiddlerSlice(t,'Description'); var btn = createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(popup,'li'), name?name:t, desc?desc:config.macros.selectTheme.label['mode'], config.macros.selectTheme.onClickTheme); btn.setAttribute('theme',t); btn.setAttribute('mode',mode); } Popup.show(); return stopEvent(e);
};
config.macros.selectTheme.onClickTheme = function(ev)
{ var mode = this.getAttribute('mode'); var theme = this.getAttribute('theme'); if (mode == 'selectTheme') story.switchTheme(theme); else // selectPalette config.macros.selectTheme.updatePalette(theme); return false;
};
config.macros.selectTheme.updatePalette = function(title)
{ if (title != "") { store.deleteTiddler("ColorPalette"); if (title != "(default)") store.saveTiddler("ColorPalette","ColorPalette",store.getTiddlerText(title), config.options.txtUserName,undefined,""); refreshAll(); if(config.options.chkAutoSave) saveChanges(true); }
};
config.macros.applyTheme = { label: "apply", prompt: "apply this theme or palette" // i'm lazy
};
config.macros.applyTheme.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { var useTiddler = params[0] ? params[0] : tiddler.title; var btn = createTiddlyButton(place,this.label,this.prompt,config.macros.selectTheme.onClickTheme); btn.setAttribute('theme',useTiddler); btn.setAttribute('mode',macroName=="applyTheme"?"selectTheme":"selectPalette"); // a bit untidy here
}
config.macros.selectPalette = config.macros.selectTheme;
config.macros.applyPalette = config.macros.applyTheme;
config.macros.refreshAll = { handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { createTiddlyButton(place,"refresh","refresh layout and styles",function() { refreshAll(); });
}};
//}}}* Article on the [[history of the sextant and the astrolabe at the University of Coimbra Alta and Sofia| <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe> </div></html>
Life in the 2st century. Moore's Law is one of the flattening agents for the global economy. View the slideshow below by using the navigation keys in the Flash applet. * Direct link if embedded Flash player below cannot be seen: [[Shift Happens| <html> </div> <div><object width="425" height="355"> <param name="movie" value=""/> <param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/> <embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"> </embed> </object> <div> <a href=""><img src="" alt="SlideShare"/> </a> | <a href="" title="View 'Shift Happens' on SlideShare">View</a> | <a href="">Upload your own</a></div></div> </div> </html>
<<search>><<closeAll>><<permaview>><<newTiddler>><<newJournal "DD MMM YYYY" "journal">><<saveChanges>>StyleEditing ''@@color:red;Daily Notes:@@''<<calendar thismonth>><<slider chkSliderOptionsPanel OptionsPanel 'options »' 'Change TiddlyWiki advanced options'>>
@@font(18 pt):''Machines that multiply a small force by a larger distance to do [[Work]]''.@@ * No more or no less __total [[Work]]__ is done when a machine is used instead of your own body if: ** an identical mass is accelerated over an identical distance @@color:red;in the same direction@@. ** Work relies on a change in an object's KineticEnergy. In other words, you have to push or pull an object a distance to do work. * The rate of doing [[Work]] is called [[Power]]. ---- * ''Levers'' ** 1st Class ** 2nd Class ** 3rd Class * ''Ramps/Wedges/Incline Planes/Screws'' * ''Wheel & Axles'' * ''Pulleys'' * For more on these [[inventor's building blocks click here.| | <html><div align="center"><a href="" target="_blank"><img src="" alt="CC Thum's mind map of various simple machines" width="650" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html> |
a nonlinear class notebook
[[Rummel's 8th|PhysSci8]] [[Physics]] [[Wiki]] 2016-17
> Do on another sheet of paper. Show all formulas and setups. All values need labels. Box final answers. > These cover [[Energy]] and Ch06Hewitt concepts # How much work does a man do on a 120 N weight that he carries up to the top of a ramp that is 21 m long with a total vertical rise of 2.5 meters? ## Hint: Which distance is crucial to the change in the amount of energy for the weight before and after being carried to the top of the ramp? # Looking at the image below, answer the following questions: ## What principle is illustrated here? ## Would the mass of the skater + board influence the acceleration downwards (assuming free fall)? ## What would you need to know to find the height of the skater + board at the highest point in the jump? ## How much energy would he have to have had in KE at the start to make it that high? <<player id=7 image 275 425>> 3. ''If the total mass of skater + board is 60 kg, find these items:'' ## Maximum height (m): ## Maximum velocity (m/s): ## Maximum momentum (kg* m/s): ## If he lands in a total contact time of 0.6 seconds and slows down his total velocity by -7 m/s, what would the force on him be? ## How long would it take him to fall from his maximum height and what would his velocity downwards be at impact? 4. Why do skateparks have parabolic curved ramps for skaters to land on after they fall after doing a trick? Answer in terms of the impulse equation. [img[Skate park ramp| 5. What would be the velocity of this roller coaster car on a frictionless track at ''point C'' below? [img[Roller coaster|
!Pseudoscience vs. science * Video of Michael Shermer of [[Skeptics magazine| at the TED conference in 2006. ** [[External link to video.| |<html><iframe src="" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe></html>|
<<player id=4
!On OCt. 14th, 2012, Felix Baumgartner of Red Bull Stratos broke the world's highest skydive record. | Source: [[Space.com on "Space Jump: How Daredevil's Record-Breaking Supersonic Skydive Works (Infographic)"| | | [img[Felix Baumgartner of Red Bull Stratos| |
!How a linear relationship is expressed using a math formula * ''y= mx + b'' or on the calculator, y= ax + b. * Written another way: ** ''output = (slope of line)* input + (y-intercept)'' * Slope = Rise / Run ratio = ''Δy / Δx = (y~~2~~- y~~1~~) / (x~~2~~- x~~1~~)'' = "m" * Y-intercept is the place on the y-axis where the line crosses = "b" * You need at least two points (x, y) in order to find the slope and y-intercept!
!Why physicists can lose snowball fights... > [[Source:UMD.edu| [img[Why physicists can lose snowball fights... |
!Diagram of our sun's position in the local interstellar cloud, which we'll exit in 10,000 years or so [img[Local star positions| >[[Source.|
!Daily update on the status of our favorite star. * [[NASA satellite clearinghouse|
![[Space.com's overview| of solar events that effect the earth * Current images of the sun from [[NASA solar observatories| in various wavelengths of light. [img[Space.com's overview of solar events that effect the earth|
!Visual organizer from NASA & CMEX: [img[Major concepts about our solar system| > [[Source.||
!U of Colorado at Boulders's [[Phet| simulation of orbital dynamics in a solar system your create. * There are Preset solar system choices from the drop-down menu. * You can @@alter@@ the initial velocity vectors by dragging them around. This change also allows you to alter their masses by typing in the new data into the table in the lower left. <html> <iframe src="" width="800" height="600"></iframe> </html>
!Test Objectives over Ch38Hewitt: The SolarSystem. * An overview of the basic ideas from 7th Earth Science that you should know can be found [[here| ** Another visual map of these topics can be found in the SolarSystem. !!Objectives you are responsible for knowing: # Give a brief overview of when and how our solar system formed by discussing the NebularTheory. ## Describe why the solar system rotates around a center of gravity. # Explain what process allows a star emit radiation. # Name and give the correct order for the 8 planets of our system. ## Distinguish between the rocky and gaseous bodies and give a brief description of each. # Briefly explain why planets can fail to form when a nebulae collapses. # Locate the types of such smaller bodies and their locations in the solar system. What hazards do they present to life on Earth? ## Asteroid belt. ## [[Kuiper belt.| ([[Source|) ## [[Oort cloud| ([[Source|) & comets. # Explain our current model of how the Moon was formed. # Describe why the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth. [img[Solar system- NOT TO SCALE!|
* See the java applet for this simple build-a system [[here|
!Exceeding the speed of sound results in a large compression shock wave in the form of a cone around the plane at Mach 1.0 * Moist air crossing the ComPression shockwave boundaries at leading edges cause condensation or fog to form. | [img[Diagram of sonic boom| | [img[F-18 sonic boom| | | [[Source.| | [[F-18 Hornet at moment of sonic boom| |
!Acoustic energy transfered by a medium * ComPression [[Waves]]
//from:
Sparklines [[were invented| by EdwardTufte, author of a number of thoughtful and inspiring books on the presentation of visual information.
Sparklines are described by Tufte as "small, intense, wordlike graphics". They are designed to be used inline with ordinary text. For example, this <<sparkline 163 218 231 236 232 266 176 249 289 1041 1835 2285 3098 2101 1755 3283 3353 3335 2898 2224 1404 1354 1825 1839 2142 1942 1784 1145 979 1328 1611>> shows one measure of activity on during the month of April 2005.
Creating a sparkline is easy using the new [[Macros]] feature:
{{{
<<sparkline 163 218 ... 1328 1611>>
}}}
The cunning thing about these sparklines is that they are created inline without requiring any graphics or other ServerSide support.! Noting the exact wavelengths of light either absorbed by or emitted from a substance. | !Below is an ''Emission spectra'' of different light bulbs: |>| |[img[Spectral lines of different lightbulbs| | !''Absorption spectra'' is due to colder matter absorbing light from an emission source. |>| | [img[Basic absorption lines| | [img[Hubble's use of absorption spectra| |
! A velocity word problem to be printed out and graphed. * For a check-minus minimum #1 & #2 must be done. * Choose 'Close Others' from this tiddler's menu bar (move mouse to the right of the title to find it. * Then click on the yellow arrow <<toggleSideBar>><<renameButton '>' >> to minimize the sidebar BEFORE printing this tiddler. ** Choose 'File', "Print' from the browser menu. [img[Graph paper for drawing your velocity graph on| | Agent Powers was steering a powerful ''speed boat'' through the Yangtze delta after the Song gang. At time zero she radioed back that she was at a velocity of 4 m/s and would now accelerate at +3 m/s every second. She did this for a total of 8 seconds. At 8 seconds she slowed down at a rate of 2 m/s2 for the next 6 seconds as she rounded some pilings. At 14 seconds into her chase she gunned the engine for the next 10 seconds with an change in velocity of +4 m/s every second. Then, with the port’s piers in sight, Powers held the boat at constant velocity until she overtook the fleeing Song gang. | ---- # Plot the following minimum data points in order to graph agent Powers boat’s velocity during the chase. Connect the points to make a line graph on the graph provided. You will need to scale your graph's axes to make sure the data FITS in space provided. ## velocity after 8 seconds ## velocity as the curve ends at 14 seconds ## velocity at 24 seconds ## velocity for final 12 seconds # Circle the section of the graph where NO unbalanced forces where acting on the boat. # Calculate the boat’s acceleration between 20 and 24 seconds by reading the graph. Label your setup. ## Acceleration = change in velocity (m/s) / time interval (s) # If velocity * time = distance, then finding the ''area (height * width) under the lines you drew'' above would be the same as finding the'' distance the speedboat traveled''. Calculate the total distance traveled from start to finish by finding the total area under each section of the velocity graph above and summing them up. Label each area section and show your setups to find distance. Triangles have ½ the area of a rectangle!
/***
''Inspired by [[TiddlyPom|
|Name|SplashScreenPlugin|
|Created by|SaqImtiaz|
|Location|
|Version|0.21 |
|Requires|~TW2.08+|
!Description:
Provides a simple splash screen that is visible while the TW is loading.
!Installation
Copy the source text of this tiddler to your TW in a new tiddler, tag it with systemConfig and save and reload. The SplashScreen will now be installed and will be visible the next time you reload your TW.
!Customizing
Once the SplashScreen has been installed and you have reloaded your TW, the splash screen html will be present in the MarkupPreHead tiddler. You can edit it and customize to your needs.
!History
* 20-07-06 : version 0.21, modified to hide contentWrapper while SplashScreen is displayed.
* 26-06-06 : version 0.2, first release
!Code
***/
//{{{
var old_lewcid_splash_restart=restart;
restart = function()
{ if (document.getElementById("SplashScreen")) document.getElementById("SplashScreen").style.display = "none"; if (document.getElementById("contentWrapper")) document.getElementById("contentWrapper").style.display = "block"; old_lewcid_splash_restart(); if (splashScreenInstall) {if(config.options.chkAutoSave) {saveChanges();} displayMessage("TW SplashScreen has been installed, please save and refresh your TW."); }
}
var oldText = store.getTiddlerText("MarkupPreHead");
if (oldText.indexOf("SplashScreen")==-1) {var siteTitle = store.getTiddlerText("SiteTitle"); var splasher='\n\n<style type="text/css">#contentWrapper {display:none;}</style><div><b>'+siteTitle +'</b> is loading<blink> ...</blink><br><br><span>Requires Javascript.</span></div>'; if (! store.tiddlerExists("MarkupPreHead")) {var myTiddler = store.createTiddler("MarkupPreHead");} else {var myTiddler = store.getTiddler("MarkupPreHead");} myTiddler.set(myTiddler.title,oldText+splasher,config.options.txtUserName,null,null); store.setDirty(true); var splashScreenInstall = true;
}
//}}}!St. Mark's School of Texas | [img[Centennial Hall and the Quadrangle| | |[img[St. Mark's Green Library| * ''St. Mark's celebrated its 100th anniversary'' in April of 2007 with a party featuring alum Steve Miller. ** ''Address:'' 10600 Preston Rd, Dallas, Tx, USA 75230 ** [[View the Google Map of our location in Dallas, Texas|SMCampus]] * ''A private, boy's college-prepatory school (grades 1-12)'' historically affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese. * We are nationally ranked in science, math, journalism, and wrestling. * ''[[School Website|
* Deviation measures how far your data is spread out from a mean:
[img[Deviation in data from the mean|
* Standard deviation uses the squares of the deviations, taking the mean of those squares, and then taking the square root of that mean in order to give a more detailed view of the spread of your data.
* ''X-bar'' is the ''mean of your x- data set.''
* ''Y-bar'' is the ''mean of your y- data set.''
* ''Sx'' is the ''Standard deviation within your x-data set: how spread out it is'', the average deviation from the mean. A large value indicates a higher spread.
* ''Sy'' is the ''Standard deviation within your y-data set.''
!Finding the Scientific standard deviation using your TI Calculator:
# Turn on your Calculator. Hit the ''__STAT__'' button.
# Choose ''1: Edit'' from the menu
## You are now seeing a series of Lists for data: ''L1'' (List 1), ''L2'', etc.
## Go to ''L1''. It needs to be ''cleared'' of your old data. Using your arrow, scroll up to place the cursor over the title ''L1'' and press ''__CLEAR__'' to make room for your data.
## Once clear, enter your data in ''L1'' by typing in the values, hitting ''Enter'' between them.
# When done entering data, hit the ''__STAT__'' button again.
# Choose ''__CALC__'' using the arrow key.
# Do you have 1 or 2 lists of data?
## If 1 list only is present, choose ''1: 1-Var Stats''. Hit ''Enter'' again. It will, by default, calculate what you need to know from L1.
### __1 Variable Statistics__ is used when only one column of data is analyzed.
## If 2 lists are present, choose ''2: 2-Var Stats''. If your Lists only include L1 & L2 values that you're interested in, hit ''Enter'' to see the conclusions and move onto the next step. It will, by default, calculate what you need to know from L1 & L2.
### IF you have other data (L3, etc), you have to specify what two variables to examine. After "2-Var Stats" choose yellow 2nd-number (of the x-column), L1 + then add a ''comma'' - (key is above the 7) + yellow 2nd-number (of the y-column), L2. Hit ''Enter'' again.
### Displayed is the ''X-bar'' or mean of the x-data; sum of x-list data (sum of x's); sum of x-squared (not "sum of squares" SS(x)); sample standard deviation for x-list (Sx); then the @@same data for y-list@@ (called y on screen) viewable when you scroll down with the arrow keys and the sum of the xy's". [[Source.|
# Write down the x-mean (''X-bar'' or ''X with a bar on top''), and ''Sx'' (scientific standard deviation). Scroll down to write down the (''Y-bar'' or ''Y with a bar on top'') and ''Sy''. The "n" value should match the number of values you think you typed in!
[img[Standard deviation mapped onto normal distribution|!Elements are forged in stars (and in the Big Bang!) * BBC Series with Sam Neill, Part 1 * We are all intimately connected to the stars by the process of atom formation and SupernovaType2. <html><div align="center"> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html> * See [[StarStuff Part2]] * See [[StarStuff Part3]]
!!!!Supernova! * BBC Series with Sam Neill, Part 2 * We are all intimately connected to the stars by the process of nucleosynthesis (nuclear fusion to build heavier elements) and Type2Supernova. <html><iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html> * See [[StarStuff Part1]] * See [[StarStuff Part3]]
!!!!Formation of a SolarSystem * BBC Series with Sam Neill, Part 3. * We are all intimately connected to the stars by the process of nucleosynthesis and SupernovaType2. <html> <iframe width="420" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html> * See [[StarStuff Part2]] * See [[StarStuff Part1]]
!!!!BBC series starring Sam Neill * [[StarStuff Part1]]: We are all made of star stuff * [[StarStuff Part2]]: Supernova! * [[StarStuff Part3]]: Formation of a solar system
TiddlyWiki obtains its StartupParameters from the //location// portion of it's URL (the bit after the '#'). At it's simplest, the StartupParameters can list the names of the tiddlers to be opened when the TiddlyWiki is opened:
{{{ JeremyRuston
}}}
In fact, that usage is equivalent to:
{{{ open:JeremyRuston
}}}
The complete list of commands is:
|!Command |!Description |!Example |
|open:title |Opens the tiddler with the specified title | |
|start:safe |Switches to SafeMode | |
|search:text |Performs a search for the specified text | |
|tag:text |Displays tiddlers tagged with the specified tag | |
|newTiddler:title |Opens a new tiddler with the specified title in edit mode |"This is a new tiddler" |
|newJournal:titleFormat |Opens a new tiddler with the specified DateFormatString |"YYYY MMM DD" |
See the details of the underlying ParameterParser for more details.These options are called "StickySettings" because they only get loaded when the page is initially opened. This means that only someone who has editing rights and who can resave the page will be able to change StickySettings. Right now there is only one category of StickySettings (UserMode), but we can imagine more.
----
|>|UserMode|
|>|The userModeWeb option sets the UserMode setting when viewing this page from a web server URL (http:). The userModeLocal option sets the UserMode setting when viewing this page from a local URL (file:). The UserMode settings currently have the following options (which are case sensitive):|
||''standard'': (default mode) EditMode can be toggled on/off by showing or hiding the "advanced options." This gives access to the entire feature set while hiding things like the "save changes" command and each tiddler's "edit" button until they are needed. Editing tiddlers by double-clicking is also disabled if EditMode is off.|
||''editor:'' Forces EditMode on. This is used mainly in userModeLocal to allow instant access to all of the editing functions.|
||''readonly'': Locks EditMode so that the user cannot see any edit functions or the "show advanced" link that turns EditMode on.|
||''simple'': Same as readonly, but also removes the following: permaview, close others, permalink, references, and the all interface options except for EnableAnimations (which is left to ensure browser compatibility)|
||''bare'': Similar to readonly, but removes everything except the tiddler "close" button and the search command.|
||''custom'': If you chose this mode, you can manually edit the "customMode()" function in this page's javascript to set up your own personalized set of viewer settings.|
|>|''Additionally, you can add the phrases {{{+notabs}}} to the END of any the above modes to disable the sidebar tabs or tags for that mode setting.''|
|>|''You can also add the phrases {{{+notags}}} to the END of any mode to hide any sign of tags.''|
|>|''Note:'' The old format of {{{=notabs}}} will still work.|
|>|//examples://|
||{{{:userModeWeb=readonly+notabs}}}|
||{{{:userModeWeb=readonly+notabs+notags}}}|
||{{{:userModeLocal=editor}}}|
|>|Now use the following lines to set your UserMode preferences.|
:userModeWeb=standard
:userModeLocal=standard+notags!Click on the topic you wish to open and edit below: Choose OptionsPanel, and click on the 'choose theme' for larger scale stylistic changes or 'choose' palette' for color influences. > the SelectThemePlugin - this allows you to perform the above Cascading Style Sheet changes. [[Configuration]]- the layout format of this tiddlywiki with editable areas, some of which are below. <<tag Formatting>> MainMenu - click here to edit the items that show up on the left hand side. SiteTitle - click here to edit the title of this tiddlywiki. SiteSubtitle - click here to edit the subtitle of this tiddlywiki. DefaultTiddlers - click here to change the tiddler that opens by default anytime this tiddlywiki is opened. This is the 'home' tiddler. MarkupPreHead - click here to edit the Splash screen shown while loading this file
/***
This is a sample style definition to demonstrate CustomCssClass formatting
***/
/*{{{*/
.wrappingClass {color: #666; background: #bbb;}
/*}}}*/> [[Source: TWHelp| > "''Cascading Style Sheets'' (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents. * These are actual style sheets and templates that determine the overall look of this page.'' @@ * For information on CSS go here: <<tag CSS>> [[or here|" !"The TiddlyWiki page is processed roughly in the order below: *StyleSheet is for user customization so that the default style sheets need not be changed. *StyleSheetColors allows for easy color style changes while StyleSheetLayout is self-explanatory. *ViewTemplate controls the look of the tiddler display. *PageTemplate pulls all of the elements of the page together to create a pleasant visual effect. *EditTemplate controls the look of the editing screen for all." | Questions about StyleSheets in the [[Google Group for TiddlyWiki| |
!Header 1 !!Header 2 !!!Header 3 !!!!Header 4 !!!!!Header 5
!Physical pigments (CMYK) subtracts out given frequencies of light due to AbSorption. > See PigMents. * How your ink jet printer works. | !Subtractive color = pigments removing light before it is reflected to your eye. | | [img[Subtractive Color| | | [[Source.| |
!Violent Death of supermassive stars that results in cataclysmic energies being released.
![[Kepler's 1604 Supernova| "When a new star appeared Oct. 9, 1604, observers could use only their eyes to study it. The telescope would not be invented for another four years. A team of modern astronomers has the combined abilities of NASA's Great Observatories, the Spitzer Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, to analyze the remains in infrared radiation, visible light, and X-rays. Ravi Sankrit and William Blair of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore lead the team." * "The combined image unveils a bubble-shaped shroud of gas and dust, 14 light-years wide and expanding at 6 million kilometers per hour (4 million mph). Observations from each telescope highlight distinct features of the supernova, a fast-moving shell of iron-rich material, surrounded by an expanding shock wave sweeping up interstellar gas and dust. " * See CreationOfMatter for more info * See WR104DeathStar for a current event. *[[Planets found around remnants of Type II supernova stars| Is it possible for planets to form __after __a supernova? * ''Videos:'' [[StarStuff Part1]], [[StarStuff Part2]], [[StarStuff Part3]]. <<player id=8 image 600 800>>
!8th GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS |>|>| DougRummel, Instructor | |''w. 214-346-8504'' | Office in S209 (next to S211) |email: ''rummelATsmtexasDOTorg'' (replace words with symbols)| !@@color:red;SCIENCE CURRICULUM - the Search for Order:@@ A. All cultures map out their uncertain world. How can science make the claims that it does? How do we know what we know? Motion B. Exploring forces and Newton's Laws to connect the motion on earth with the heavenly motion. Patterns of energy & matter C. Examining the conservation of potential and kinetic energy within natural and human systems. Discovering stability and instability in systems caused by visible and invisible forces Chemistry D. Examining the structure and behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level. React solids, liquids, and gases together to see how they behave and change. !@@color:red;CENTRAL THEMES:@@ *The central theme of this course is that knowledge is not what textbooks or your teacher tells you. * Knowledge is the result of you trying to make sense of new experiences and ideas in light of what you already know. * @@You are the one who will have to take the risks of questioning ideas and deciding what more you need to know in order to feel comfortable with some concept. @@ !@@color:red;ACCOUNTABILITY:@@ * @@Ultimately it is what you do with experience that causes real learning to take place. @@ * This course gives you a chance to practice and gain confidence in your abilities to: ** Ask questions & take risks- be wrong sometimes! ** Have a chance to WONDER at how the Universe works ** Measure, compare, and describe events and objects ** Design controlled or fair experiments ** Venture informed opinions about how or why things happen in the world around you ** Respond to constructive criticism of your results * Your instructor's responsibility is to provide you with the settings, tools, and guided experiences that will help you PRACTICE (MAKE MISTAKES!). * You will work at creating knowledge so you can move yourself on to the next level of understanding. @@Don't be afraid to ask QUESTIONS and express CURIOSITY! @@ !@@color:red;CLASS EXPECTATIONS FOR STUDENT WORK:@@ # RESPECT: The codes of conduct as outlined in the Lion Tracks will be in effect at all times, along with Science Department guidelines. You are expected to behave in a responsible, cooperative, and mature manner when in class. # Your 'Performance' grade will be composed of both preparation and participation. You daily materials requirement is outlined below. Your behavior in class towards your classmates and your instructor must follow the respect guidelines above. Being an active member of class discussions will ensure a better participation grade. # Class notes will stay attached (NEVER tear out pages!) in the spiral SCIENCE JOURNAL on dated and numbered pages. Use loose-leaf paper for all daily homework assignments. # You must bring your science supplies (particularly spiral, organizer, and calculator) each day to class. You will receive daily prep grades based on your material preparation. __Your textbook will stay at home.__ # You will receive grades on the thoroughness of your spiral's notes, and the organization (with appropriate sections) of your organizer unit. Properly date, title, and head all daily work to get full points. Paperwork from finished units will be saved at home in a file. # Your science organizer unit must be either a small binder, a section of a large binder, or a trapper/keeper in which you organize your science materials. This organizing unit must have these sections clearly labeled with tabs of some sort: ''Handouts, Graded Homework, Labs, Quizzes, & Tests.'' You can place your daily HW in the MS Homework binder and pull it out before entering the science class. # Write all original lab data in a Quadrille Composition lab book according to specific guidelines. It is expected that you will cooperate with your lab partner to collect data as a team. You will discuss the how and why events happened during lab with your partner. Graphs, Calculations, Sources of Error, Results & Discussion, and Question sections must have phrasing and word choices that are distinctively your own. Full lab reports will be done on the computer using a standard template. You may not paraphrase or copy anyone’s work here. You might even disagree with your partner’s thinking and should present your own reasoning. This lab book will remain in S211 unless you need to work on it. It can be purchased at the student store. # Claiming any copied work as solely your own is academic dishonesty. Not giving credit to the source of the material or your collaborators (including parents and friends) will risk a ZERO for the assignment. Mr. Rummel will be the final arbitrator of whether a work is sufficiently different in phrasing from another student's to qualify for any points. ALL SOURCES OF HELP or REFERENCE MUST BE STATED ON THE TOP LEFT of an assignment or section (this includes parents and friends). # Any violations of the classroom behavior or safety rules will result in the loss of points from your class performance grade or a zero for the classroom activity in which you were engaged. Rule violations may have lab duties assigned and served at agreed upon times or result in detentions. If you break or exceedingly damage equipment you can expect to refund replacement or repair costs at the end of the year. !@@color:red;WHAT HAPPENS DURING EACH PERIOD?@@ # You must be QUIETLY SEATED (hold questions for later!) and WORKING ON OVERHEAD or BOARD INSTRUCTIONS to be counted present during role. Your fully headed homework will be due __when you walk in the door__. The consequence for tardies follow Middle school guidelines. Raise your hand if you have a comment or question. Allow one person to speak at a time. # Your performance as a lab manager (whose rotating job involves handling paperwork if needed and dismissing lab stations when they’re clean) will earn part of your lab performance grade. # Homework not turned in at the beginning of class is LATE. This doesn’t apply to the make-up work of unplanned excused absences. # You can choose to use a LatePass TO DEFER WORK 1 day without penalty anytime during the year. A max of 2 late passes per trimester can be used, with a total of 4 for the entire year. A HW Pass is a sheet of paper with ''"Late Pass"'' written on the top along with the title of the assignment, the actual due date, your new due date (the next school day), and your signature. This pass must stand in for the actual late work and is intended to be used on large point value items like labs. # ''All late assignments will be worth a maximum of @@50% of their value@@ if turned in before the next unit deadline (usually the unit test). After that point late assignments are worth @@zero points.@@ '' # Poorly done or incomplete daily work turned in on time can be given a ~CHECK-MINUS. You will need to redo and resubmit the work within 24 hours to receive a full CHECK. # Give personally outstanding work to Mr.Rummel to see if it merits a ~CHECK-PLUS (worth extra credit). !@@color:red;~MAKE-UP (MU) WORK & HELP:@@ # After an excused absence or __BEFORE__ a planned absence (like sports) you are the one responsible for getting the correct list of missed work and handouts needed for your class. # All MU work should be turned into the instructor with a proper heading and “MU” marked at the top. Work due in class the day of a sports early dismissal must be turned in before you leave school. Each excused absence will be given a 1 school day grace period before the work is due. See Mr. Rummel on the day of your return for help in rescheduling missed labs. There are a limited number of specific lab MU times for each lab before the equipment is put away. You may not take a unit test until all unit labs have been made up. # Individual help is readily available during my free periods and at arranged lunch times in my office. !@@color:red;POINTS AND GRADES@@ * Grades are assigned in five different categories- Labwork, homework, quizzes, tests, and class performance. Check grades (assigned an A- wight) are given after the adequate completion of daily homework. **@@ ''NEVER FORGET TO TURN IN AN ASSIGNMENT!''@@ * Your PERFORMANCE GRADE is based on daily preparation, class participation, lab skills, following safety procedures and instructions, taking notes, updating your organizer after each unit, and following the classroom rules. *You can be asked DAILY QUESTIONS at the start of class or be asked to lead the discussion on a topic. SHORT QUIZZES occur at least once a week, so do your nightly reading. These can happen at any time. There will be several TESTS each trimester. At least 3 days warning will be given in advance of these events. *Any errors found in grading are the responsibility of the student to bring to the attention of the instructor so that a further investigation (and correction if warranted) can follow. @@color:blue;''The trimester GRADE breakdown is as follows:''@@ | '' @@bgcolor(#FFFF00):LAB REPORTS = 10%@@'' | | '' @@bgcolor(#33FFFF):QUIZZES = 20%@@'' | | '' @@bgcolor(#FFFF00):TESTS = 40%@@'' | | '' @@bgcolor(#33FFFF):HOMEWORK = 25%@@'' | | '' @@bgcolor(#FFFF00):PERFORMANCE = 5%@@'' |
~Time-Velocity-Acceleration-Distance
/***
|Name:|TagglyTaggingPlugin|
|Description:|tagglyTagging macro is a replacement for the builtin tagging macro in your ViewTemplate|
|Version:|3.3.2a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!Notes
See
***/
//{{{
merge(String.prototype,{ parseTagExpr: function(debug) { if (this.trim() == "") return "(true)"; var anyLogicOp = /(!|&&|\|\||\(|\))/g; var singleLogicOp = /^(!|&&|\|\||\(|\))$/; var spaced = this. // because square brackets in templates are no good // this means you can use [(With Spaces)] instead of [[With Spaces]] replace(/\[\(/g," [["). replace(/\)\]/g,"]] "). // space things out so we can use readBracketedList. tricky eh? replace(anyLogicOp," $1 "); var expr = ""; var tokens = spaced.readBracketedList(false); // false means don't uniq the list. nice one JR! for (var i=0;i<tokens.length;i++) if (tokens[i].match(singleLogicOp)) expr += tokens[i]; else expr += "tiddler.tags.contains('%0')".format([tokens[i].replace(/'/,"\\'")]); // fix single quote bug. still have round bracket bug i think if (debug) alert(expr); return '('+expr+')'; }
});
merge(TiddlyWiki.prototype,{ getTiddlersByTagExpr: function(tagExpr,sortField) { var result = []; var expr = tagExpr.parseTagExpr(); store.forEachTiddler(function(title,tiddler) { if (eval(expr)) result.push(tiddler); }); if(!sortField) sortField = "title"; result.sort(function(a,b) {return a[sortField] < b[sortField] ? -1 : (a[sortField] == b[sortField] ? 0 : +1);}); return result; }
});
config.taggly = { // for translations lingo: { labels: { asc: "\u2191", // down arrow desc: "\u2193", // up arrow title: "title", modified: "modified", created: "created", show: "+", hide: "-", normal: "normal", group: "group", commas: "commas", sitemap: "sitemap", numCols: "cols\u00b1", // plus minus sign label: "Tagged as '%0':", exprLabel: "Matching tag expression '%0':", excerpts: "excerpts", descr: "descr", slices: "slices", contents: "contents", sliders: "sliders", noexcerpts: "title only", noneFound: "(none)" }, tooltips: { title: "Click to sort by title", modified: "Click to sort by modified date", created: "Click to sort by created date", show: "Click to show tagging list", hide: "Click to hide tagging list", normal: "Click to show a normal ungrouped list", group: "Click to show list grouped by tag", sitemap: "Click to show a sitemap style list", commas: "Click to show a comma separated list", numCols: "Click to change number of columns", excerpts: "Click to show excerpts", descr: "Click to show the description slice", slices: "Click to show all slices", contents: "Click to show entire tiddler contents", sliders: "Click to show tiddler contents in sliders", noexcerpts: "Click to show entire title only" }, tooDeepMessage: "* //sitemap too deep...//" }, config: { showTaggingCounts: true, listOpts: { // the first one will be the default sortBy: ["title","modified","created"], sortOrder: ["asc","desc"], hideState: ["show","hide"], listMode: ["normal","group","sitemap","commas"], numCols: ["1","2","3","4","5","6"], excerpts: ["noexcerpts","excerpts","descr","slices","contents","sliders"] }, valuePrefix: "taggly.", excludeTags: ["excludeLists","excludeTagging"], excerptSize: 50, excerptMarker: "/%"+"%/", siteMapDepthLimit: 25 }, getTagglyOpt: function(title,opt) { var val = store.getValue(title,this.config.valuePrefix+opt); return val ? val : this.config.listOpts[opt][0]; }, setTagglyOpt: function(title,opt,value) { // create it silently if it doesn't exist if (!store.tiddlerExists(title)) { store.saveTiddler(title,title,config.views.editor.defaultText.format([title]),config.options.txtUserName,new Date(),""); // <<tagglyTagging expr:"...">> creates a tiddler to store its display settings // Make those tiddlers less noticeable by tagging as excludeSearch and excludeLists // Because we don't want to hide real tags, check that they aren't actually tags before doing so // Also tag them as tagglyExpression for manageability // (contributed by RA) if (!store.getTaggedTiddlers(title).length) { store.setTiddlerTag(title,true,"excludeSearch"); store.setTiddlerTag(title,true,"excludeLists"); store.setTiddlerTag(title,true,"tagglyExpression"); } } // if value is default then remove it to save space return store.setValue(title, this.config.valuePrefix+opt, value == this.config.listOpts[opt][0] ? null : value); }, getNextValue: function(title,opt) { var current = this.getTagglyOpt(title,opt); var pos = this.config.listOpts[opt].indexOf(current); // supposed to automagically don't let cols cycle up past the number of items // currently broken in some situations, eg when using an expression // lets fix it later when we rewrite for jquery // the columns thing should be jquery table manipulation probably var limit = (opt == "numCols" ? store.getTaggedTiddlers(title).length : this.config.listOpts[opt].length); var newPos = (pos + 1) % limit; return this.config.listOpts[opt][newPos]; }, toggleTagglyOpt: function(title,opt) { var newVal = this.getNextValue(title,opt); this.setTagglyOpt(title,opt,newVal); }, createListControl: function(place,title,type) { var lingo = config.taggly.lingo; var label; var tooltip; var onclick; if ((type == "title" || type == "modified" || type == "created")) { // "special" controls. a little tricky. derived from sortOrder and sortBy label = lingo.labels[type]; tooltip = lingo.tooltips[type]; if (this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortBy") == type) { label += lingo.labels[this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder")]; onclick = function() { config.taggly.toggleTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder"); return false; } } else { onclick = function() { config.taggly.setTagglyOpt(title,"sortBy",type); config.taggly.setTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder",config.taggly.config.listOpts.sortOrder[0]); return false; } } } else { // "regular" controls, nice and simple label = lingo.labels[type == "numCols" ? type : this.getNextValue(title,type)]; tooltip = lingo.tooltips[type == "numCols" ? type : this.getNextValue(title,type)]; onclick = function() { config.taggly.toggleTagglyOpt(title,type); return false; } } // hide button because commas don't have columns if (!(this.getTagglyOpt(title,"listMode") == "commas" && type == "numCols")) createTiddlyButton(place,label,tooltip,onclick,type == "hideState" ? "hidebutton" : "button"); }, makeColumns: function(orig,numCols) { var listSize = orig.length; var colSize = listSize/numCols; var remainder = listSize % numCols; var upperColsize = colSize; var lowerColsize = colSize; if (colSize != Math.floor(colSize)) { // it's not an exact fit so.. upperColsize = Math.floor(colSize) + 1; lowerColsize = Math.floor(colSize); } var output = []; var c = 0; for (var j=0;j<numCols;j++) { var singleCol = []; var thisSize = j < remainder ? upperColsize : lowerColsize; for (var i=0;i<thisSize;i++) singleCol.push(orig[c++]); output.push(singleCol); } return output; }, drawTable: function(place,columns,theClass) { var newTable = createTiddlyElement(place,"table",null,theClass); var newTbody = createTiddlyElement(newTable,"tbody"); var newTr = createTiddlyElement(newTbody,"tr"); for (var j=0;j<columns.length;j++) { var colOutput = ""; for (var i=0;i<columns[j].length;i++) colOutput += columns[j][i]; var newTd = createTiddlyElement(newTr,"td",null,"tagglyTagging"); // todo should not need this class wikify(colOutput,newTd); } return newTable; }, createTagglyList: function(place,title,isTagExpr) { switch(this.getTagglyOpt(title,"listMode")) { case "group": return this.createTagglyListGrouped(place,title,isTagExpr); break; case "normal": return this.createTagglyListNormal(place,title,false,isTagExpr); break; case "commas": return this.createTagglyListNormal(place,title,true,isTagExpr); break; case "sitemap":return this.createTagglyListSiteMap(place,title,isTagExpr); break; } }, getTaggingCount: function(title,isTagExpr) { // thanks to Doug Edmunds if (this.config.showTaggingCounts) { var tagCount = config.taggly.getTiddlers(title,'title',isTagExpr).length; if (tagCount > 0) return " ("+tagCount+")"; } return ""; }, getTiddlers: function(titleOrExpr,sortBy,isTagExpr) { return isTagExpr ? store.getTiddlersByTagExpr(titleOrExpr,sortBy) : store.getTaggedTiddlers(titleOrExpr,sortBy); }, getExcerpt: function(inTiddlerTitle,title,indent) { if (!indent) indent = 1; var displayMode = this.getTagglyOpt(inTiddlerTitle,"excerpts"); var t = store.getTiddler(title); if (t && displayMode == "excerpts") { var text = t.text.replace(/\n/," "); var marker = text.indexOf(this.config.excerptMarker); if (marker != -1) { return " {{excerpt{<nowiki>" + text.substr(0,marker) + "</nowiki>}}}"; } else if (text.length < this.config.excerptSize) { return " {{excerpt{<nowiki>" + t.text + "</nowiki>}}}"; } else { return " {{excerpt{<nowiki>" + t.text.substr(0,this.config.excerptSize) + "..." + "</nowiki>}}}"; } } else if (t && displayMode == "contents") { return "\n{{contents indent"+indent+"{\n" + t.text + "\n}}}"; } else if (t && displayMode == "sliders") { return "<slider slide>\n{{contents{\n" + t.text + "\n}}}\n</slider>"; } else if (t && displayMode == "descr") { var descr = store.getTiddlerSlice(title,'Description'); return descr ? " {{excerpt{" + descr + "}}}" : ""; } else if (t && displayMode == "slices") { var result = ""; var slices = store.calcAllSlices(title); for (var s in slices) result += "|%0|<nowiki>%1</nowiki>|\n".format([s,slices[s]]); return result ? "\n{{excerpt excerptIndent{\n" + result + "}}}" : ""; } return ""; }, notHidden: function(t,inTiddler) { if (typeof t == "string") t = store.getTiddler(t); return (!t || !t.tags.containsAny(this.config.excludeTags) || (inTiddler && this.config.excludeTags.contains(inTiddler))); }, // this is for normal and commas mode createTagglyListNormal: function(place,title,useCommas,isTagExpr) { var list = config.taggly.getTiddlers(title,this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortBy"),isTagExpr); if (this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder") == "desc") list = list.reverse(); var output = []; var first = true; for (var i=0;i<list.length;i++) { if (this.notHidden(list[i],title)) { var countString = this.getTaggingCount(list[i].title); var excerpt = this.getExcerpt(title,list[i].title); if (useCommas) output.push((first ? "" : ", ") + "[[" + list[i].title + "]]" + countString + excerpt); else output.push("*[[" + list[i].title + "]]" + countString + excerpt + "\n"); first = false; } } return this.drawTable(place, this.makeColumns(output,useCommas ? 1 : parseInt(this.getTagglyOpt(title,"numCols"))), useCommas ? "commas" : "normal"); }, // this is for the "grouped" mode createTagglyListGrouped: function(place,title,isTagExpr) { var sortBy = this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortBy"); var sortOrder = this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder"); var list = config.taggly.getTiddlers(title,sortBy,isTagExpr); if (sortOrder == "desc") list = list.reverse(); var leftOvers = [] for (var i=0;i<list.length;i++) leftOvers.push(list[i].title); var allTagsHolder = {}; for (var i=0;i<list.length;i++) { for (var j=0;j<list[i].tags.length;j++) { if (list[i].tags[j] != title) { // not this tiddler if (this.notHidden(list[i].tags[j],title)) { if (!allTagsHolder[list[i].tags[j]]) allTagsHolder[list[i].tags[j]] = ""; if (this.notHidden(list[i],title)) { allTagsHolder[list[i].tags[j]] += "**[["+list[i].title+"]]" + this.getTaggingCount(list[i].title) + this.getExcerpt(title,list[i].title) + "\n"; leftOvers.setItem(list[i].title,-1); // remove from leftovers. at the end it will contain the leftovers } } } } } var allTags = []; for (var t in allTagsHolder) allTags.push(t); var sortHelper = function(a,b) { if (a == b) return 0; if (a < b) return -1; return 1; }; allTags.sort(function(a,b) { var tidA = store.getTiddler(a); var tidB = store.getTiddler(b); if (sortBy == "title") return sortHelper(a,b); else if (!tidA && !tidB) return 0; else if (!tidA) return -1; else if (!tidB) return +1; else return sortHelper(tidA[sortBy],tidB[sortBy]); }); var leftOverOutput = ""; for (var i=0;i<leftOvers.length;i++) if (this.notHidden(leftOvers[i],title)) leftOverOutput += "*[["+leftOvers[i]+"]]" + this.getTaggingCount(leftOvers[i]) + this.getExcerpt(title,leftOvers[i]) + "\n"; var output = []; if (sortOrder == "desc") allTags.reverse(); else if (leftOverOutput != "") // leftovers first... output.push(leftOverOutput); for (var i=0;i<allTags.length;i++) if (allTagsHolder[allTags[i]] != "") output.push("*[["+allTags[i]+"]]" + this.getTaggingCount(allTags[i]) + this.getExcerpt(title,allTags[i]) + "\n" + allTagsHolder[allTags[i]]); if (sortOrder == "desc" && leftOverOutput != "") // leftovers last... output.push(leftOverOutput); return this.drawTable(place, this.makeColumns(output,parseInt(this.getTagglyOpt(title,"numCols"))), "grouped"); }, // used to build site map treeTraverse: function(title,depth,sortBy,sortOrder,isTagExpr) { var list = config.taggly.getTiddlers(title,sortBy,isTagExpr); if (sortOrder == "desc") list.reverse(); var indent = ""; for (var j=0;j<depth;j++) indent += "*" var childOutput = ""; if (depth > this.config.siteMapDepthLimit) childOutput += indent + this.lingo.tooDeepMessage + "\n"; else for (var i=0;i<list.length;i++) if (list[i].title != title) if (this.notHidden(list[i].title,this.config.inTiddler)) childOutput += this.treeTraverse(list[i].title,depth+1,sortBy,sortOrder,false); if (depth == 0) return childOutput; else return indent + "[["+title+"]]" + this.getTaggingCount(title) + this.getExcerpt(this.config.inTiddler,title,depth) + "\n" + childOutput; }, // this if for the site map mode createTagglyListSiteMap: function(place,title,isTagExpr) { this.config.inTiddler = title; // nasty. should pass it in to traverse probably var output = this.treeTraverse(title,0,this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortBy"),this.getTagglyOpt(title,"sortOrder"),isTagExpr); return this.drawTable(place, this.makeColumns(output.split(/(?=^\*\[)/m),parseInt(this.getTagglyOpt(title,"numCols"))), // regexp magic "sitemap" ); }, macros: { tagglyTagging: { handler: function (place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { var parsedParams = paramString.parseParams("tag",null,true); var refreshContainer = createTiddlyElement(place,"div"); // do some refresh magic to make it keep the list fresh - thanks Saq refreshContainer.setAttribute("refresh","macro"); refreshContainer.setAttribute("macroName",macroName); var tag = getParam(parsedParams,"tag"); var expr = getParam(parsedParams,"expr"); if (expr) { refreshContainer.setAttribute("isTagExpr","true"); refreshContainer.setAttribute("title",expr); refreshContainer.setAttribute("showEmpty","true"); } else { refreshContainer.setAttribute("isTagExpr","false"); if (tag) { refreshContainer.setAttribute("title",tag); refreshContainer.setAttribute("showEmpty","true"); } else { refreshContainer.setAttribute("title",tiddler.title); refreshContainer.setAttribute("showEmpty","false"); } } this.refresh(refreshContainer); }, refresh: function(place) { var title = place.getAttribute("title"); var isTagExpr = place.getAttribute("isTagExpr") == "true"; var showEmpty = place.getAttribute("showEmpty") == "true"; jQuery(place).empty() addClass(place,"tagglyTagging"); var countFound = config.taggly.getTiddlers(title,'title',isTagExpr).length if (countFound > 0 || showEmpty) { var lingo = config.taggly.lingo; config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"hideState"); if (config.taggly.getTagglyOpt(title,"hideState") == "show") { createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"tagglyLabel", isTagExpr ? lingo.labels.exprLabel.format([title]) : lingo.labels.label.format([title])); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"title"); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"modified"); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"created"); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"listMode"); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"excerpts"); config.taggly.createListControl(place,title,"numCols"); config.taggly.createTagglyList(place,title,isTagExpr); if (countFound == 0 && showEmpty) createTiddlyElement(place,"div",null,"tagglyNoneFound",lingo.labels.noneFound); } } } } }, // todo fix these up a bit styles: [
"/*{{{*/",
"/* created by TagglyTaggingPlugin */",
".tagglyTagging { padding-top:0.5em; }",
".tagglyTagging li.listTitle { display:none; }",
".tagglyTagging ul {",
" margin-top:0px; padding-top:0.5em; padding-left:2em;",
" margin-bottom:0px; padding-bottom:0px;",
"}",
".tagglyTagging { vertical-align: top; margin:0px; padding:0px; }",
".tagglyTagging table { margin:0px; padding:0px; }",
".tagglyTagging .button { visibility:hidden; margin-left:3px; margin-right:3px; }",
".tagglyTagging .button, .tagglyTagging .hidebutton {",
" color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]]; font-size:90%;",
" border:0px; padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;",
"}",
".tagglyTagging .button:hover, .hidebutton:hover, ",
".tagglyTagging .button:active, .hidebutton:active {",
" border:0px; background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];",
"}",
".selected .tagglyTagging .button { visibility:visible; }",
".tagglyTagging .hidebutton { color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; }",
".selected .tagglyTagging .hidebutton { color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]] }",
".tagglyLabel { color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]]; font-size:90%; }",
".tagglyTagging ul {padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0.5em; margin-left:1em; }",
".tagglyTagging ul ul {list-style-type:disc; margin-left:-1em;}",
".tagglyTagging ul ul li {margin-left:0.5em; }",
".editLabel { font-size:90%; padding-top:0.5em; }",
".tagglyTagging .commas { padding-left:1.8em; }",
"/* not technically tagglytagging but will put them here anyway */",
".tagglyTagged li.listTitle { display:none; }",
".tagglyTagged li { display: inline; font-size:90%; }",
".tagglyTagged ul { margin:0px; padding:0px; }",
".excerpt { color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; }",
".excerptIndent { margin-left:4em; }",
"div.tagglyTagging table,",
"div.tagglyTagging table tr,",
"td.tagglyTagging",
" {border-style:none!important; }",
".tagglyTagging .contents { border-bottom:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; padding:0 1em 1em 0.5em;",
" margin-bottom:0.5em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent1 { margin-left:3em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent2 { margin-left:4em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent3 { margin-left:5em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent4 { margin-left:6em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent5 { margin-left:7em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent6 { margin-left:8em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent7 { margin-left:9em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent8 { margin-left:10em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent9 { margin-left:11em; }",
".tagglyTagging .indent10 { margin-left:12em; }",
".tagglyNoneFound { margin-left:2em; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]]; font-size:90%; font-style:italic; }",
"/*}}}*/", ""].join("\n"), init: function() { merge(config.macros,this.macros); config.shadowTiddlers["TagglyTaggingStyles"] = this.styles; store.addNotification("TagglyTaggingStyles",refreshStyles); }
};
config.taggly.init();
//}}}
/***
InlineSlidersPlugin
By Saq Imtiaz
// syntax adjusted to not clash with NestedSlidersPlugin
// added + syntax to start open instead of closed
***/
//{{{
config.formatters.unshift( { name: "inlinesliders", // match: "\\+\\+\\+\\+|\\<slider", match: "\\<slider", // lookaheadRegExp: /(?:\+\+\+\+|<slider) (.*?)(?:>?)\n((?:.|\n)*?)\n(?:====|<\/slider>)/mg, lookaheadRegExp: /(?:<slider)(\+?) (.*?)(?:>)\n((?:.|\n)*?)\n(?:<\/slider>)/mg, handler: function(w) { this.lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart; var lookaheadMatch = this.lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source) if(lookaheadMatch && lookaheadMatch.index == w.matchStart ) { var btn = createTiddlyButton(w.output,lookaheadMatch[2] + " "+"\u00BB",lookaheadMatch[2],this.onClickSlider,"button sliderButton"); var panel = createTiddlyElement(w.output,"div",null,"sliderPanel"); panel.style.display = (lookaheadMatch[1] == '+' ? "block" : "none"); wikify(lookaheadMatch[3],panel); w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length; } }, onClickSlider : function(e) { if(!e) var e = window.event; var n = this.nextSibling; n.style.display = (n.style.display=="none") ? "block" : "none"; return false; }
});
//}}}!Taikonnauts: Who are they? * Chinese astronauts! * Video uploaded in 2008. <html> <iframe width="640" height="480" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
| The small portion that we [[see|HumanEye]] is called VisibleLight. Exploiting the invisible spectrum became very profitable in the 20th century. The WFAA [[Channel 8 Telecruiser bus is below.| | [img[WFAA television broadcast bus| |
!Scientists use Kelvin for calculations; Celsius is also metric, while Fahrenheit is an English unit * 1 unit of Kelvin = 1 unit of Celsius. * Kelvin __never has negative values__ and thus is used in ThermalEnergy calculations (since energy can never be negative in value). * 0 Celsius = 273 Kelvin; This is a [[theoretical point|LawsOfThermodynamics]] of absolutely no atomic motion known as AbsoluteZero. * 0 Celsius = freezing point of water at standard pressure. * 100 Celsius = boiling point of water at standard pressure. * Celius temperature to Fahrenheit: T~~Celsius~~= (5/9)*(T~~Fahrenheit~~-32) | [[Image Source: NC State.| | [[NOVA's Absolute Zero interactive applet.| | | [img[Temp scales| | [img[A Sense of Scale: Absolute Zero| |
!When F~~weight~~ = F~~air drag~~ and an object is in equilibrium while falling. * Doesn't accelerate any more but has reached a final or __terminal__ velocity. * For humans this is ''around 120 mph'' or about ''55 m/s''. * A cat, with less mass, [[reaches terminal velocity at 60 mph| You can see that the fatality curve for cats decreases in the image below for falls above 5 stories because they begin to reach terminal velocity at that point. [[Small ants reach it at about 4 mph.| ** Thus, more massive objects have a higher terminal velocity. * Free fall, since it involves a vacuum, ''cannot'' have a terminal velocity. * Terminal velocity depends on these characteristics: ** Surface area of falling object, ** Weight of falling object, ** Air density. |[img[Terminal velocity influences survivability of falls for both humans and cats.| | [[Source: Rachel Kuhns - Physics 211 - University of Alaska Fairbanks.| |
* Light absorbed by and then re-emitted from the earth through the AtmoSphere. * Evaporation is a cooling process, as the oceans lose ThermalEnergy. | !Terrestrial radiation flowchart. [[Source.| | | [img[Terrestrial radiation breakdown| |
!A 20 pt test grade * Test corrections are to be __already stapled on top of the original test__ on the day that they are due. ** Make sure you have a title on this sheet. * Multiple Choice or T/F must be explained as to WHY the correct answer was correct. * Rework problems that you missed and show your corrected setups. * Short answers should be completely rewritten or missing parts added. * Essay questions can be rewritten if the response was marked at below a 70%, or, just have any missing/weak sections fixed. * ''Notes-to-self are a major goal of test corrections so that you won't make the same mistakes again on the Exam-Physics.'' > Come in and see me at lunchtime (11:15 am) to go over what you missed and still don't understand about any test.
!Father of Science; Ionian Greek mathematician and astronomer. > Tried to explain natural phenomenon without reference to supernatural forces. Used mathematics and NaturalPhilosophy to explain the world. | He founded the "@@Natural cause hypothesis@@. Before Thales, all natural phenomena were thought to be the side-effects of some supernatural phenomena going on in the realm of the unseen gods and demons. However, Thales was the first person to put forward what is known as the natural cause hypothesis, which states that whatever we see all around us, are actually results of one or more underlying natural processes or causes. This also gave rise to the deductive reasoning, which enabled Thales to build certain early hypotheses of science. " [[Source: Science on Google Plus.| | * Lived in Miletus near the Mediterranean in SE Turkey [[from 624 BCE – c. 546 BCE.| ** Traveled to Egypt and Babylon. * First person with a [[named mathematical proof attributed to him.| * Great references: and * Used Babylonian records to predict a solar eclipse for the first time on May 28, 585 BC. ** [[Track of April 8th, 2024 Total Solar Eclipse near Dallas| |[img[Image of a sculpture of Thales| [img[ Solar eclipse mapping| | "Astronomers and historians usually assume that record-keeping was the way that the secret of eclipses was discovered: Carefully noting the cycles of the moon, how they correspond with the eclipses of moon and sun, and then noting that eclipses repeat on a cycle of 6585.3 days (the Saros cycle of 18 years and 11 days). By extrapolating ahead, one should be able to predict the dates of future eclipses from the record of past ones. " | | Source: [[Image of a sculpture of Thales| | Source: [[Sky & Telescope.com| | [[Quote Source: William H. Calvin.| |
> Quantum fluctuation. Inflation. Expansion. Strong nuclear interaction. Particle-antiparticle annihilation. Deuterium and helium production. Density perturbations. Recombination. Blackbody radiation. Local contraction. Cluster formation. Reionization? Violent relaxation. Virialization. Biased galaxy formation? Turbulent fragmentation. Contraction. Ionization. Compression. Opaque hydrogen. Massive star formation. Deuterium ignition. Hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen depletion. Core contraction. Envelope expansion. Helium fusion. Carbon, oxygen, and silicon fusion. Iron production. Implosion. Supernova explosion. Metals injection. Star formation. Supernova explosions. Star formation. Condensation. Planetesimal accretion. Planetary differentiation. Crust solidification. Volatile gas expulsion. Water condensation. Water dissociation. Ozone production. Ultraviolet absorption. Photosynthetic unicellular organisms. Oxidation. Mutation. Natural selection and evolution. Respiration. Cell differentiation. Sexual reproduction. Fossilization. Land exploration. Dinosaur extinction. Mammal expansion. Glaciation. Homo sapiens manifestation. Animal domestication. Food surplus production. Civilization! Innovation. Exploration. Religion. Warring nations. Empire creation and destruction. Exploration. Colonization. Taxation without representation. Revolution. Constitution. Election. Expansion. Industrialization. Rebellion. Emancipation Proclamation. Invention. Mass production. Urbanization. Immigration. World conflagration. League of Nations. Suffrage extension. Depression. World conflagration. Fission explosions. United Nations. Space exploration. Assassinations. Lunar excursions. Resignation. Computerization. World Trade Organization. Terrorism. Internet expansion. Reunification. Dissolution. ~World-Wide Web creation. Composition. Extrapolation? * Copyright 1996-1997 by Eric Schulman.
> "What I call the right hand menu or sidebar menu is filled with tools." !The top of the menu At the top of the right hand menu there are several features: [img[ !Interface options Clicking the ''options >>'' link opens up the Interface Options menu: [img[ !Lists of Tiddlers and tags At the bottom of the right hand menu are lists of all the Tiddlers and tags in your TiddlyWiki file: [img[ |from: | | To edit the side bar look at SideBarOptions |
!Renowned BBC & Time/Life TV series, 1973, hosted by Dr. JacobBronowski. > [[Series outline| 1. "Lower than the Angels" (describes evolution of the head) 2. "The Harvest of the Seasons" (agriculture and the first settlements) 3. "The Grain in the Stone" (tools, early human migration) 4. "''TheHiddenStructure''" ''(fire, metals and alchemy) is shown in class''. 5. "Music of the Spheres" (the language of numbers) 6. "The Starry Messenger" (GaliLeo's universe) 7. "TheMajesticClockwork" (explores Kepler and Newton's laws) 8. "The Drive for Power" (the Industrial Revolution) 9. "The Ladder of Creation" (Darwin and Wallace's ideas on the origin of species) * Darwin Down House * Wallace collecting in South America * Evolution and biochemistry * Origin of life on earth * Miller experiment 10. "WorldWithinWorld" (the story of the periodic table) * Crystals * Mendeleev * Creation Bishop Usher * Evolution of the elements * Atomic Physics * Planck, Boltzmann 11. "Knowledge or Certainty" (There is no absolute knowledge) 12. "Generation upon Generation" (cloning of identical forms) 13. "The Long Childhood" (The commitment of man)
@@border:solid 1px black;display:block;padding:1em 2em 2em;background:#ffe;margin:1em; Copyright (c) 2007-2008, Simon Baird All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name Simon Baird nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. @@
* JamesBurke, 1985 production * [[Wikipedia entry| on this video series * Episodes available on Youtube. | !Episode # and Title | !''Description'' | |1: [[The Way we Are:| It Started with the Greeks | | |2: [[In the Light of the Above:| Medieval Conflict: Faith & Reason|| |3: [[Point of View:| Scientific Imagination in the Renaissance | | |4: [[A Matter of Fact| Printing Transforms Knowledge| | |5: [[Infinitely Reasonable:| Science Revises the Heavens |The Catholic church's response to the Reformation sets Copernicus to make a better calendar and Galileo on a collision course with Aristotelian doctrine. The nature of heavenly motion uncovered by Brahe, Kepler and Newton bring us to the Clockwork Universe and the Enlightenment. | |~|[[DayTheUniverseChanged-1]] of 5: Austrian Palace to Benadetti's cannon firing | |~|[[DayTheUniverseChanged-2]] of 5: Benadetti's cannon firing to Brahe's island | |~|[[DayTheUniverseChanged-3]] of 5: Brahe's island to Kepler's wine barrels | |~|[[DayTheUniverseChanged-4]] of 5: Kepler's wine barrels to Newton's roller coaster | |~|[[DayTheUniverseChanged-5]] of 5: Newton's roller coaster to the Clockwork Universe | |6: [[Credit Where It's Due:| The Factory & Marketplace Revolution|| |7: [[What the Doctor Ordered:| Social Impacts of New Medical Knowledge|| |8: [[Fit to Rule:| Darwin's Revolution || |9: [[Making Waves:| The New Physics: Newton Revised || |10: [[Worlds Without End:| Changing Knowledge, Changing Reality ||
!TheAscentOfMan series on the AgesOfTools and [[Alchemy]] * About an 1:45 of material * [[Alchemy]] & EternalGold: the pursuit of the PhilosophersStone. <html> <embed id=VideoPlayback src= style=width:400px;height:326px allowFullScreen=true allowScriptAccess=always type=application/x-shockwave-flash> </embed> </html>
* Episode 7 of TheAscentOfMan: "The Majestic Clockwork" (explores Kepler and Newton's laws) |<html><iframe frameborder="0" width="480" height="270" src="//" allowfullscreen></iframe><br /><a href="" target="_blank">BBC Ascent of Man - 06 - The Majestic Clockwork</a> <i>by <a href="" target="_blank">infinitradiant</a></i></html>|
TheMajesticClockwork Events 17:35 Halley asks Newton for help with cometary orbit 23:40 End of main Newton discussion (1680-1710) * Satirical play about Newton; ancient computer graphics 30:00 Need for clocks in Newtonian universe; search for longitude 35:00 Time keeping and Swiss Trains: Einstein
> @@//theōrētikos://@@ ''to be seen; viewed. Contemplative; that is, seeing and knowing in a deep and transforming way.'' > The word "theory" derives from this. * //Also the title of a poem by Oscar Wilde:// "This mighty empire hath but feet of clay: Of all its ancient chivalry and might Our little island is forsake quite: Some enemy hath stolen its crown of bay, And from its hills that voice hath passed away Which spake of Freedom: O come out of it, Come out of it my Soul, thou art not fit For this vile traffic-house, where day by day Wisdom and reverence are sold at mart, And the rude people rage with ignorant cries Against an heritage of centuries. It mars my calm: wherefore in dreams of Art And loftiest culture I would stand apart, Neither for God, nor for his enemies."
!Ch08Hewitt review sheet for Thermo-Objectives. |[img[Word symbol|
!Energy contained in the random atomic-level vibrations of molecules and atoms * Thermal energy content in @@Joules = mass * HeatCapacity * [[Temperature in Kelvin|TemperatureScales]]@@ = kg* (J/kg*K)* ΔK (or g* (J/g*°C)* Δ°C = Joules). * Difference in temperature leads to HeatTransfer. * Thermal energy always flows from regions of __higher__ temperature to regions of __lower__ temperatures. ** This is the 2nd [[Law of Thermodynamics|LawsOfThermodynamics]].
> Hardcopy answers with setups shown. * All equations and non-metric conversion factors will be given to you. * Know all energy = m*a*d = N*m = J * Use the Kelvin scale when working with temperatures that are less than or equal to 0 °C | Q =Heat= mass*C~~p~~*ΔT; C~~p~~ = J/g*°C = Specific Heat Capacity; ΔT = T~~max~~- T~~min~~ | !!! The Thermal Kinetic Energy (TKE) model of matter: Everything jiggles at the molecular level A. Convert the following TemperatureScales from Celsius or Kelvin to the other. # 30 K # –30°C # 2500 K # -250°C B. Specific HeatCapacity: see this entry on how to calculate and compare these for various materials as insulators or conductors. # A 25 g block of metal requires 670 Joules of heat to raise its temperature from 22°C to 89°C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal. # A 50.0 g sample of a metal with a heat capacity of 0.22 J /g°C is warmed from 25°C to 42°C. How much heat is required in Joules to do this? # When a 30.0 g sample of metal with a heat capacity of 0.13 J /g°C is heated using 120 J of heat starting at 25°C, what will be the final temperature? # Identify three ways that the high specific heat of water affects your daily life or human society. C. Phase change # Why must energy be added to boil liquid water? # Why doesn’t the temp go up above 100°C when a pot of water boils? # Why does a 100 °C steam burn hurt worse than a 100 °C liquid water scald? # Can you make prevent water from boiling until 120 °C is reached? How?
!CHAPTER 8: HeatTransfer & ThermoDynamics ''Concepts to explain, identify, and distinguish between for the exam:'' # [[Heat|HeatTransfer]] vs. [[temperature|TemperatureScales]] vs. [[thermal kinetic energy|ThermalEnergy]] # AbsoluteZero; Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales (see TemperatureScales). # Be able to explain how your refrigeration units work by discussing cooling via ConVection, ComPression, condensation, and expansion ([[NOVA interactive flash app.|). ## French engineer Sadi Carnot showed that the greater the temperature difference between a heat source and a heat sink the greater the amount of work that can be done by the heat engine (related to 1st LawsOfThermodynamics). ## Melting/Freezing: Which one removes heat or adds heat to a system? Why? ## Evaporating/Condensing: Which one removes heat or adds heat to a system? Why? ### Using the Temperature probe, design and perform an experiment to disprove the above statements. ## How does a ReFrigeration system use the principles of pressure, temperature, volume, and state changes in fluids to cool warm objects? ## Identify 4 major changes in the life of Dallas that have resulted from mastering artificial cold (since 1900). See ReFrigeration. # Joules vs. calories vs. kilocalories ## 4.186 kJoule = 1 kcalorie; 1000 calories = 1 kcalorie = 1 ''C''alorie # Given the HeatCapacity equation, solve for a single unknown value. # Explain the LawsOfThermodynamics devised by Lord Kelvin. ## What does it mean when we say ''bottom line: The universe runs downhill''? # Distinguish between and identify examples of ConDuction, ConVection, & RaDiation. # Explain how expanding fluids rise and cool and how this relates to weather (see Ch.35 in the HewittBook) and geologic cycles (see Ch.31.5). # List the major cause(s) of GlobalWarming due to an imbalance in the Earth' energy budget (See Ch.37.5). ## Define TerrestrialRadiation. ## How have GreenhouseGas levels changed since the IndustrialRevolution? ## Is it higher average daytime or nightime temperatures that are characteristic of GlobalWarming? Why? ### Be able to cite two fact-based reports about [[atmospheric climate change|GlobalTempChangeVideo]] that were published in the past year. #### The [[new Climate.gov data dashboard| gives current stats on the climate of the planet. ### [[UK Climate model interactive map of the consequences of a 4 degree global temperature rise.| > You need to know the vocabulary from the end of Ch08Hewitt
> Review outline and practice problems based on the Thermo-Objectives. |[img[Word symbol|
!ThermalEnergy in motion- otherwise known as HeatTransfer * [[3 laws of Thermodynamics|LawsOfThermodynamics]] ----- !!!Related ideas: * TemperatureScales
!St. Thomas Aquinas, Born 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy – died on 7 March 1274. * Reconciled the rediscovered works of the Greek Humanists with the theology of the Roman Catholic church. * As a rational thinker, Aquinas modified the core ideas of Aristotle's NaturalPhilosophy to deal solely with the earthly realm. | !Greek Humanism | !Catholic Theology | |OBSERVATION of nature allows us to see what is really there. |OBSERVATION of nature reveals God’s will. | |LOGIC organizes and reveals truth. |LOGIC can be trusted to investigate the natural world. | |PHYSICAL CAUSES are not due to the Gods |PHYSICAL CAUSES are all due to the power of God | |Sensory EVIDENCE can be trusted to understand the workings of heaven and earth. Reason alone is sufficient. |Sensory EVIDENCE alone cannot know God; divine revelation is needed; Heavenly things are unknowable by Reason alone. | ** To Aquinas and the Catholic Church, enderstanding the heavenly realm still required Divine revelation (Bible and the Church) and faith in those powers. ** 'Aquinas' or 'Eagle' was his nickname for both his sharp insights and his beak-like nose. [img[Portrait of the great reconciler of the Church and Greek Natural Philosophy|
!Bite-sized chunks of information; this unit is a Tiddler.
The term 'tiddler' is the result of wordplay that started with the first wiki. '[[Wiki]]-wiki' in Hawaiian means quick-quick. It was a quick way for a team of individuals to construct shared knowledge. JeremyRuston used the term 'tiddlywiki' to describe a personal thumbdrive wiki as a wordplay on [[tiddlywinks| the childhood game those of us who grew up in an analog age may remember. The base unit of a tiddylwiki is thus a [[Tiddler]]. Details on the [[Anatomy of a Tiddler]]. | [[Tiddlywiki.com official website| | * [[TiddlyWiki Info]] * EditingHelp
TiddlyWiki is the creation of JeremyRuston who was kind enough to share it under an OpenSourceLicense. A TiddlyWiki is like a blog because it's divided up into neat little chunks (//micocontent//), but it encourages you to read it by hyperlinking rather than sequentially: if you like, a non-linear blog analogue that binds the individual microcontent items into a cohesive whole. JeremyRuston says: >"The easiest way to learn about TiddlyWiki is to use it! Try clicking on various links and see what happens - you cannot damage tiddlywiki.com or your browser. One tip is to use the <<closeAll>> button over on the right to clear all the displayed tiddlers and start again. Dave Gifford has prepared a new beginners guide: "[[TiddlyWiki for the Rest of Us|". There's also MorrisGray's excellent [[TW Help - TiddlyWiki help file for beginners|" >"When you're ready to create your own TiddlyWiki on your computer, follow the instructions in DownloadSoftware and SaveChanges. There is also a free hosted service at that makes it easier to share your TiddlyWiki with others (for more demanding applications there are several other ServerSide solutions available). If you're totally confused, you might find LeonKilat's [[video tutorial| useful." >"There is some great introductory and advanced TiddlyWiki guide material at [[tiddlywikiguides.org| run by SimonBaird and DanielBaird. Simon and Daniel also have a regularly updated [[FAQ| and JimBarr has an older collection of tips at [[TiddlyWikiTips|" !How to Make Your Own TiddlyWiki *[[Tutorial on creating your own TiddlyWiki| *<<tag Wiki>> Look here for some basic definitions of items you'll find in this Wiki. *Here are some links to some other important TiddlyWiki information: ** [[MainFeatures| ** ReusingThisSite ** SaveChanges ** [[Configuration]] of this Wiki ** KnownBugs ** <<tag Formatting>> ** <<tag Macro>> for implementing advanced tools ** [[Printing from a TiddlyWiki]] !Have your wiki hosted by a server on the internet * [[TiddlySpot| offers free hosting of Tiddlywiki's * [[PBWiki| offers a user-friendly free hosting with collaboration options. * [[Wikispaces| for teachers is advertising free
A proposed mission to Titan using NASA's NEXT ion engine * 2:37 min <<player id=6 flash
/***
|Name:|ToggleTagPlugin|
|Description:|Makes a checkbox which toggles a tag in a tiddler|
|Version:|3.1.0a|
|Date:|27-Jun-2011|
|Source:|
|Author:|Simon Baird <>|
|License:|
!!Usage
{{{<<toggleTag }}}//{{{TagName TiddlerName LabelText}}}//{{{>>}}}
* TagName - the tag to be toggled, default value "checked"
* TiddlerName - the tiddler to toggle the tag in, default value the current tiddler
* LabelText - the text (gets wikified) to put next to the check box, default value is '{{{[[TagName]]}}}' or '{{{[[TagName]] [[TiddlerName]]}}}'
(If a parameter is '.' then the default will be used)
* TouchMod flag - if non empty then touch the tiddlers mod date. Note, can set config.toggleTagAlwaysTouchModDate to always touch mod date
!!Examples
|Code|Description|Example|h
|{{{<<toggleTag>>}}}|Toggles the default tag (checked) in this tiddler|<<toggleTag>>|
|{{{<<toggleTag TagName>>}}}|Toggles the TagName tag in this tiddler|<<toggleTag TagName>>|
|{{{<<toggleTag TagName TiddlerName>>}}}|Toggles the TagName tag in the TiddlerName tiddler|<<toggleTag TagName TiddlerName>>|
|{{{<<toggleTag TagName TiddlerName 'click me'>>}}}|Same but with custom label|<<toggleTag TagName TiddlerName 'click me'>>|
|{{{<<toggleTag . . 'click me'>>}}}|dot means use default value|<<toggleTag . . 'click me'>>|
!!Notes
* If TiddlerName doesn't exist it will be silently created
* Set label to '-' to specify no label
* See also
!!Known issues
* Doesn't smoothly handle the case where you toggle a tag in a tiddler that is current open for editing
* Should convert to use named params
***/
//{{{
if (config.toggleTagAlwaysTouchModDate == undefined) config.toggleTagAlwaysTouchModDate = false;
merge(config.macros,{ toggleTag: { createIfRequired: true, shortLabel: "[[%0]]", longLabel: "[[%0]] [[%1]]", handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) { var tiddlerTitle = tiddler ? tiddler.title : ''; var tag = (params[0] && params[0] != '.') ? params[0] : "checked"; var title = (params[1] && params[1] != '.') ? params[1] : tiddlerTitle; var defaultLabel = (title == tiddlerTitle ? this.shortLabel : this.longLabel); var label = (params[2] && params[2] != '.') ? params[2] : defaultLabel; var touchMod = (params[3] && params[3] != '.') ? params[3] : ""; label = (label == '-' ? '' : label); // dash means no label var theTiddler = (title == tiddlerTitle ? tiddler : store.getTiddler(title)); var cb = createTiddlyCheckbox(place, label.format([tag,title]), theTiddler && theTiddler.isTagged(tag), function(e) { if (!store.tiddlerExists(title)) { if (config.macros.toggleTag.createIfRequired) { var content = store.getTiddlerText(title); // just in case it's a shadow store.saveTiddler(title,title,content?content:"",config.options.txtUserName,new Date(),null); } else return false; } if ((touchMod != "" || config.toggleTagAlwaysTouchModDate) && theTiddler) theTiddler.modified = new Date(); store.setTiddlerTag(title,this.checked,tag); return true; }); } }
});
//}}}| from [[Wikipedia| | > "time and rotational distance are related by the angular speed where each revolution results in the circumference of the circle being travelled by the force that is generating the torque. This means that torque that is causing the angular speed to increase is doing work and the generated power may be calculated as:" | ''Power'' | = ''torque * Angular Speed'' | ''Power in Watts'' = Joules of Energy per second = ''τ * ω'' |>| | For a @@lego machine@@ this means that if the ''power output is fixed or unchanging'', any ''increase in the angular speed'' of a gear will be matched by a ''decrease in rotational force'' or torque. This is a trade-off an engineer must design for based on the job to be done. |>|>|>| | ''Torque'' | radius of the lever arm * rotational Force (at right angles) in Newtons | [img[Torque equation from Wikipedia| | [img[Torque on a wrench from Wikipedia| | |~|~| "On the right hand side, this is a scalar product of two vectors, giving a scalar on the left hand side of the equation. Mathematically, the equation may be rearranged to compute torque for a given power output. However in practice there is no direct way to measure power whereas torque and angular speed can be measured directly." |>|
* 2 cities are crucial to the history of physics between the time when Aristotle's student, Alexander the Great, had his empire collapse, and the the rediscovery of Humanism (ca. 1200 CE) by the West. ** ''@@color:blue;Alexandria@@'' in Egypt (founded 332 BCE) → represents the path of ''@@color:blue;research science@@'' after the Fall of Rome. See [[GreekFire_ResearchScience]]. ** ''@@color:red;Constantinople@@'' in Turkey (founded 330 CE) → represents the path of ''@@color:red;applied science@@'' after the Fall of Rome. See [[GreekFire_AppliedScience]]. * Both of these cities kept alive the @@color(purple):''Greek Fire''@@: something so powerful that it could not easily be extinguished, and would change the course of history by it's very presence. ''@@color(purple):This term is a metaphor for the discoveries of this great civilization in both research and applied science.@@'' ---- ! I. One type of @@color(blue):''Greek Fire''@@ was the concept of [[NaturalPhilosophy or what would lead to ''research science''.|GreekFire_ResearchScience]] | An idea whose time has come is like a @@color(blue):''fire that cannot be extinguished''@@. These ideals smoldered and burned for 1200 years in the Byzantine and Arabic worlds while they doused in the West by the fall of Rome. | ---- ! II. The second type of @@color(red):''Greek Fire''@@ is an expression of [[''applied science''.|GreekFire_AppliedScience]] | Technologies and the art to create them have a practicality that often ensures that their secrets are closely guarded and perpetuated, like the recipe for [[Greek Fire|ArchiMedes]]. | | <html><iframe width="640" height="390" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> | | The AntikytheraMechanism, a bronze computer whose design is very similar to machines invented by ArchiMedes, was finally deciphered in the last decade. |
!Where the vibration direction is ninety degrees to the direction of the wave's travel. | !S-waves in earthquakes (shown below). | | [img[Transverse wave in a slinky| | |![[Light]]'s EM [[Fields|ElectroMagnetic]] are 90 degrees to each other (red & blue oscillating fields below. There is no matter required to vibrate- just pure energy). | | [img[Electromagnetic radiation or light has 2 transverse components: electric + magnetic fields| |
* From [[1 December 2014]]: |<html><div align="center"><img src="" alt="Trebuchet Work Physics" width="600" border="0" /></a><br /></div></html>|
!Best Western naked eye astronomer; Danish alchemist, astronomer, and 1546- 1601 * Tried to combine CoperNicus's HelioCentric model with PtoLemy to produce a hybrid model where all of the planets orbit the sun, but the sun and moon still orbit the earth. * Discovered a supernova in 1572 whose appearance shocked all of Europe and led to his fame and fortune being set. Became Royal Danish astronomer with his own island to observe from. > "While walking home on November 11, 1572, astronomer Tycho Brahe idly glanced at the sky. He was surprised to see a bright star in the constellation Cassiopeia that hadn’t been there before. The new star, which we now know to be the result of a stellar explosion or supernova, grew brighter than Venus and was visible in daylight for about two weeks. It then slowly faded until vanishing in March 1574, 16 months after its discovery." [[Source.| * Had a silver/ copper nose after he lost his in a duel. * Died of a burst bladder. |[img[Tycho Brahe in his underground observatory sitting at his giant quadrant used for finding angles for celestial objects| [img[Tycho's Supernova remains as seen today in Xray spectrum by the Chandra Satellite observatory| | [img[Tycho Brahe| | |~| Tycho's Supernova remains as seen today in [[X-ray spectrum|ElectroMagnetic]] by the Chandra Satellite observatory. | Woodcut of Brahe and his supernova of 1572. From all accounts he was insufferable and a prig. [[[Image Source| |
![[Kepler's 1604 Supernova| > "When a new star appeared Oct. 9, 1604, observers could use only their eyes to study it. The telescope would not be invented for another four years. A team of modern astronomers has the combined abilities of NASA's Great Observatories, the Spitzer Space Telescope, Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, to analyze the remains in infrared radiation, visible light, and X-rays. Ravi Sankrit and William Blair of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore lead the team." > "The combined image unveils a bubble-shaped shroud of gas and dust, 14 light-years wide and expanding at 6 million kilometers per hour (4 million mph). Observations from each telescope highlight distinct features of the supernova, a fast-moving shell of iron-rich material, surrounded by an expanding shock wave sweeping up interstellar gas and dust. " * For a more detailed overview of how stars form and how a high mass can lead to supernova events [[look here| * See WR104DeathStar for a current event. *[[Planets found around remnants of Type II supernova stars| Is it possible for planets to form __after __a supernova? * ''Videos:'' [[StarStuff Part1]], [[StarStuff Part3]]. <<player id=8 image 600 800>>
!Standard method for solving complex problems. > If you want to enter your unit grid using the ~TI-84 calculator using the fraction mode, choose the green ''"Alpha"'' key, then ''F1'' (Y= key), then option ''#1'' using the Enter key. |!Steps to follow|>|>| |!''1st''|Identify down the givens, beginning and ending units. |[img[Step1| | |!''2nd''|Create the crucial ''escape diagram'' or unit path that will eliminate unwanted units and arrive at the desired answer units. |[img[Step2| | ||You will need to be given the conversion factors or be able to look them up. |[img[Step2a| | |!''3rd''|Create and fill in the unit grid using the escape diagram as your guide. |[img[Step3| | ||Focus on the ''units only''. Place values into the unit grid such that conversion factors have the ''top and bottom equal to each other''.|[img[Step3a| | ||The given will be placed over "1" in this example. Now cancel out unwanted units. |[img[Step3b| | |!''4th''|Solve the problem by multiplying the top of the grid together and dividing by the product of the bottom of the grid. |[img[Step4| | ||Label your final answer with the proper units.|[img[Step4a| | !Handouts and Resources:
!Answer Keys for UnitAnalysis
!How to create embedded images:
* the general format to embed images directly in a tiddler is to insert a line that reads:
{{{
[img[image title to display on rollover|link to actual image location]]
}}}
That image location can be local or on the web.
These can also be placed within a |table structure|.
[<img[Camera phone| You can also float images to the left or right: the camera is left aligned while the forest is right aligned. [>img[forest|
{{{
[<img[title|location]] shifts image
to the left and
[>img[title|location]] makes the
forest to be right aligned.
}}}
@@clear(left):clear(right):display(block):You can use CSS to clear the floats@@
{{{
@@clear(left):clear(right):display(block):
}}} TiddlyLightBoxExamples or floating images in pop-up windows
----
> From [[TwHelp|
!!!!Padding around images
"This will automatically add left AND right padding to every image that appears inside a tiddler's 'viewer' area.(floating or otherwise).
<<<
In your [[StyleSheet]] add this: .viewer img { padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; }
or .viewer img { padding:0em 1em 0em 1em; }
<<<
To adjust right and left padding independently of one another put the below in your ~StyleSheet
<<<
.leftpad img { padding-left:1em; padding-right:0em; }
.rightpad img { padding-right:1em; padding-left:0em; }
Then in the tiddler put:
{{{
{{rightpad{[img[yourimage.jpg]]}}}
}}}
<<<
----
!!!!Image in a bordered table:
|bgcolor:#fcf;[img[Spiral Galaxy NGC 4414| Galaxy M81@@|bgcolor:#fcf;width:25em;~TiddlyWiki, being a single file, is best utilized by storing images elsewhere. Below is an image and the code to present it. In this case it also includes a tooltip and link to a larger version of the image.|
@@position:relative;<<gradient horiz #abf #ffffff>> code>>@@
{{{
|bgcolor:#fcf;[img[Spiral Galaxy NGC 4414| Galaxy M81@@|bgcolor:#fcf;width:25em;~TiddlyWiki, being a single file, is best utilized by storing images elsewhere. Below is an image and the code to present it. In this case it also includes a tooltip and link to a larger version of the image.|
}}}!Adding vectors by using the Head-To-Tail or parallelogram method. | !Vector Addition is commutative (A + B + C = C + A + B) | | Final sum of all vectors is termed the ''net or resultant'' vector. | | [img[Vector Addition is commutative| [[Image Source: | | ''If the vectors are a right angles to each other, than the length of the resultant (or a missing leg on the right triangle) can be found using Pythagorean Theorem.'' |
|[img[Word symbol| [[Vector Addition 1 worksheet| addition 1-1.doc]]| * If using Word drawing tools, be very careful ''not to'' accidentally grab the grid __background__ and move it while drawing your vectors.
|[img[Word symbol| [[Vector Addition 1 worksheet Answers|
!Plot the Velocity vs. time graph for the following word problem involving the motion of a car. > Use graph paper. * A car starts at rest. It accelerates a 1 m/s^^2^^ for 5 seconds. It then holds that velocity steady for 3 more seconds. The driver then hits the brakes at -0.5 m/s^^2^^ until the car stops. # Start by making a T-table and filling it in: | Time (s) | Acceleration (m/s^^2^^) | Velocity (m/s) | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 1 | +1 | 1 | | 2 | | | |>|>| Fill in the remaining as you see fit. The time to stop is when the velocity is zero. | 2. Plot velocity vs. time for the entire journey (until the car stops). 3. Find the Distance traveled (m) for each major section of the velocity graph. Add them together to find the total distance for the car's journey. ## Why is drawing a velocity graph an easy way to find the distance traveled?
# Using the handout of Ch03Hewitt's Figure 3.43 of the rock being dropped off a cliff with speedometer and odometer attached, create a ''velocity'' (m/s) vs. ''time'' (s) graph of this rock's entire fall. ## @@Assume the rock hits the ground at 7 seconds.@@ # On the x-axis (time) of your graph, draw bars that are 1 second wide up to the line graph. This splits the triangular graph into 7 distinct bars, each 1 second wide. # Under the graph create and fill in this table based on the graph: | !Time (s) | Velocity (m/s) | !Δ Distance each second (m) | Total Distance (m) | # If you call the first area from zero till 1 second as triangle shape ''A'', and each rectangle that is 10 m/s high and 1 second wide as shape ''B'', then sum up the areas of all A's & B's within each 1 second wide bar's total area. ## This is called the ''Δ (change in) Distance each second (m)''. ## Remember, area under a velocity graph = height (m/s) * width (s) = velocity * time = ''distance''! # If you sum up each distance interval you get the ''Total Distance'' based on a total time fallen.
* New "Powers of Ten" clip centered on Venice w/ Korean subtitles <<player id=6 flash
![[Video roundup of the athletes| with the greatest vertical leaps: * 48" vertical leap- Michael Jordan * 50" vertical leap- Leonel Marshall, Cuban volleyball player * 56" vertical leap- Kadour Ziani, French basketball player ----- * [[Table| of all time vertical leap's for athletes. ---- !Michael Jordan's Dunk Championships highlight reels: * His high V~~x~~ takes him sideways. His high vertical leap (120 cm or 48") gives him enough V~~y~~ to get nearly a second of hang time, which he can extend by giving his arms and legs rotational (angular) momentum during the launch. <html> <object width="445" height="364"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="445" height="364"></embed></object> </html> ---- !French National League Slam Dunk Contest winner Kadour Ziani (60" vertical leap). * [[He has the bandanna around his head.|
* See [[Playing Videos]] for how to embed content.
!Videos about the universe beyond our pale blue dot- and how to get there!
!Atmospheric condition videos
!Videos about the biological systems on planet Earth
!CosmoLogy videos
!Videos about ElectroMagnetic energy
!Videos covering Fluid Behavior
!Videos about the active earth beneath our feet.
!Allen Adams, physicist and glider pilot. * [[Secret Life of Scientists at NOVA.| <html> <object width="512" height="328"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="flashvars" value="video=undefined&player=viral" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="" flashvars="video=undefined&player=viral" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" wmode="transparent" allowfullscreen="true" width="512" height="328" bgcolor="#000000"></embed></object> </html>
!Science and Technology related videos
!Video about the oceanic and freshwater systems on our planet
Videos for the MappingTheUniverse unit
!Good examples of momentum conservation, collisions, and energy conversions.
!Videos on various Mechanics & Energy topics
!Videos that illustrate some aspect of [[Ch04Hewitt]]'s projectile motion. * [[Launch of the X-378 mini-robotic space shuttle in 11-2011.|
!SonicBoom shockwaves explained <html> <iframe width="480" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Videos related to ThermalEnergy
!Science in a minute video: <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Videos related to some aspect of [[Waves]].
!Science in a minute: <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Using [[LoggerPro]]'s Video Analysis Tools >Source: modified from [[a Word Document by C. Bakken, June 2008| [img[Video Analysis Interface for Logger Pro| # Open the .cmbl file which contains the video data you wish to analyze. Once it has been loaded into Logger Pro, press the Video Analysis Toolbar [img[Video Analysis icon| button in the lower right of the movie window to activate the video analysis toolbar (see image above). # At this point we recommend that you go to Page > Auto Arrange to adjust the sizes of the various windows on your screen. # When the file is loaded, click on the Play button under the video. You should view the entire motion sequence a few times times before doing the analysis. ## Play Button looks like: [img[Play Button| # While viewing, these buttons at the bottom of movie will control the playback things: ## Stop button: [img[Stop Button| ## Go back a frame: Go ahead a frame buttons [img[FrameStep Buttons| # Click on the 4th button on the right to "Set Scale". [img[Set Scale icon| Drag the cursor from one end of a known feature near the action in the movie to the other end (it will produce a green line) of the feature. ## A pop-up box will ask you to input the length of the marked item in meters. ## This will autoscale all features at that same depth of field in the image. # Click on the second button down on the right side of the video, the "Add Point" button. ## Button looks like: [img[Add point Button| # Move the cursor to the object you wish to track and click on that object in the same place each time. ## Hint: Use the center of the marble for best results. Note that a dot is left on the screen to mark this point and the video moves ahead one frame. You can choose the ''Select a Point'' icon and click on a blue dot that you're unsatisfied with. Just hit delete on your keyboard to erase the offending marker. ## If the marble is moving slowly, skip a few frames before you mark it. ## IF the marble is moving fast, mark it frame-by-frame (the default positioning). # Continue marking the object's position on a frame-by-frame basis until the motion ends. # Click the 3rd button on the right to "Set Origin". ## Move the cursor to the place on the machine where the yellow chain marble lifter is ''first able to lift'' the marbles. This will be the ''origin''- click the mouse here. ## Move the origin by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the cursor to where you wish the origin to be. # Be sure save your Logger Pro file before exiting the program.
!Tiny fraction of the ElectroMagnetic spectrum that penetrates the Earth's AtmoSphere and reaches the ground. * Perceived by the HumanEye as color (cones) and motion (changes in intensity- rods). * VisibleLight has just the right energy range to move electrons in atoms up and down in their energy levels by this amplification process. It does this without adding so much energy that the electrons are knocked off the atoms completely (as can happen in UV, ~X-Rays, and Gamma light). * PigMents absorb visible light. [img[visible light compared to the whole EM spectrum|
Here are the basic elements in the TiddlyWiki layout (though other users modify the layout for their projects). Below the graphic are links to other screen captures with more information. [img[ The header contains the SiteTitle and SiteSubtitle. [[The main menu]] [[Anatomy of a Tiddler]] [[The right hand menu]]
> [[Source: 3/3/2008 article in Australian newspaper.| | ~WR104, known as Wolf-Rayet 104, is a hot and highly unstable type of star. This one is 8,000 light years away and __might__ be aligned to give Earth a deadly burst of gamma rays when it goes supernova. | | [img[WR104 composite images show an almost perfect spiral straight down the axis of the binary system.| | | [[Source. | |
!Energy changes that cause or result from the Change Of State of Water |[img[Change of state and thermal energy for water| | [[Source: Wikipedia.| |
[img[Word symbol| Interactions Guide covering Ch.11-13.| interactions 05.doc]]
!Distance between identical point of the wave's cycle. * Measured in meters and given the symbol "λ". * λ = c / f = Wave speed (m/ s) / frequency (1/s or Hz) |[img[wavelength image| | [[Source: Wikipedia media.| "I"= amplitude here. |
* A great collection of "luminous phenomenon produced by light from the Sun or the Moon, whether it’s produced diffraction, interference, reflection or refraction" can be found in this [[photoessay from ZMEScience| [img[Solar halo from high-altitude ice crystals|
!Any topic in Physics that relates to the periodically fluctuating behavior of vibrations in space and time (ripples). * Mathematically wave behavior can be described by using sinusoids (sine & cosine functions). ** For getting a jump on using basic trigonometric functions see this [[Khan Academy video tutorial.| * Can either be TransVerse or ComPression waves. * Wave Equation states WaveLength = Wave speed / Frequency ** λ = c / f = Wave speed (m/ s) / frequency (1/s or Hz) *** Wave speed "c" of sound is different based on the temperature and density of the medium. C~~sound~~ in air at 20 C, 1 atm pressure = ~340 m/s. *** Wave speed "c" of [[Light]] is a constant in the universe = ~3E8 m/s. | <html><h2><center>TED Talk on the nature of waves and visible light colors </center></h2><iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></html> | [img[Sound illustrated as oscillations of air particles around a speaker| | |~| [[Animated Gif source= NPR.| | | [[Sound]] & [[Light]] | | ''@@color:red;Both obey the 1/r^^2^^ or Inverse-SquareLaw relationship@@'' | | [img[Wave-particle duality| | | <html> <font size = "3">Schrödinger worked out the advanced mathematics on the wave properties of electrons in atoms in the 1920's. </font> </html> | | [img[Wave descriptions| | | <html> <font size = "4"> Basic wave anatomy vocabulary</font> </html> | | [img[Transverse waves disturb the surface, NOT horizontal position of the rubber duck| | | <html> <font size = "4">Water's transverse surface waves are disturbances in space and time that radiate outwards via the medium.</font> </html> | | !Link | ! Description | |[[Falstad Ripple Tank Simulation| applet that allows a wide set of features. Make sure you look at the 3D visualization | |[[Physics 2000 Java applets- Einstein's legacy| |The master list of the superb applet collection at U. Colorado of Boulder, many of which are about wave phenomena | |[[Waves introduction at Light & Matter.com| online book (available in .pdf and for purchase also) aimed at high school. Great explanations about wave phenomenon.| !!!Key Wave Topics:
!Ch11Hewitt Sound & Waves (Objectives #1-7) + Ch12Hewitt & Ch13Hewitt on Light Waves. ''Write or sketch + label your responses to these objectives. Concepts to know from these chapters:'' # [[Wave basics|Waves]]: label and identify these terms for the two types of waves: ## Troughs vs. crests ## amplitude ## wavelength (m) vs. frequency (Hz) ## frequency vs. period ## ''velocity'' = ''"c"'' for waves = ''wavelength * frequency'' = ''wavelength/ period'' ## node vs. antinode ## ComPression vs. TransVerse waves: Distinguish between them. # What causes sound to occur and what is required for the transmission of sound waves? # ReFlection vs. ReFraction: Distinguish between them. # ReSonance ## Pumping with energy pulses: how does making a swing go higher relate to resonance? ## Distinguish between ''natural frequency'' vs. ''forced vibration''. ## What does it mean to be “in sync” with another wave? # When does DiffRaction occur? ## Identify some useful applications for both sound and light waves. # InterFerence: Cancellation vs. Amplification: when does it happen? # Distinguish between [[Light]] and [[Sound]] waves. ## What do they have in common? ## Given two of these three items, solve for the third: ### @@velocity~~wave~~= C~~wave~~ = wavelength~~wave~~ * frequency~~wave~~@@ = λ (m) * Hz (1/sec) = speed of the wave = m/s # Explain the DopplerShift and how it is used to identify the velocity of objects like cars or stars. ## Given a frequency shift relative to your position, identify whether a wave source is moving away or towards you. # What causes [[Light]] to occur and what is required for the transmission of light waves? # Understand the ElectroMagnetic Spectrum by: ## Listing from longest to shortest wavelength the different kinds of EM radiation or light. ### Radio, microwave, terahertz, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma. ## Relate the changes in energy content, frequency, and wavelength of light as you move through the ElectroMagnetic Spectrum. ## Listing the [[Color]]s in the VisibleLight: ROYGBIV in correct order. # Explain the differences between these [[Color]] basics and be able to predict color outcomes when painting with both: ## using pigments (painting with physical stuff or subtractive colors) ### When white light is shown on a pigment, what happens to the portion of the light spectrum we __don't see__? ## using lights (painting with light or additive colors). # How does the historical development of optics (lenses and mirrors) to study the stars illustrate our better understanding of the physics of light? ## Resource: [[National Geographic's history of the telescope.| ## Discuss GaliLeo and [[IsaacNewton]]'s roles. ### Newtonian telescopes have [[very large mirror arrays| (Keck telescope on top of Manua Loa in Hawaii) to gather and focus the light without distortions due to lens refraction. ### All modern large telescopes are Newtonian in nature, including space telescopes, like the [[James Webb Space telescope| to be launched in 2018. #### [[Video of how it will utilize its ability to collect fossil light, especially Infrared light.| ### Using Newtonian telescopes in space could also spot this: [[A Mirror Earth Right Around the Corner?| | !Resources: |>| | Video-WavesIntro | Khan Academy's Waves-Tutorial | | Waves-PracticeQuiz |>| | Chapter 11 Good example questions: T&E. #1,4. T&C #1-3; All MC on p.214. |>| | Chapter 12 Good example questions: T&E. #2,3,7 |>| | !Sound waves as density differences in a transmitting medium like air |>| |[img[tuning fork animation| |Sound waves are compression waves. [[Animated image source.| |
[img[PDF symbol| [[Waves Practice Multiple Choice and T/F Quiz|
![[Khan Academy video| tutorial on basic [[Waves]] terminology <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
terms : wave, pulse, crest, trough, compression, rarefaction, interference, (constructive and destructive), period, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, Hertz, wave velocity, speed of sound, reflection, refraction, resonance, standing waves, Doppler shift, bow wave (wake, shock wave), pitch (low/high), volume (loud/soft), speed of light, electromagnetic spectrum, radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, ROYGBIV, color, cyan, magenta, yellow, additive color mixing, subtractive color mixing, scattering, diffraction, polarization, law of reflection, total internal reflection
!Taking Thomas the Tank engine to the edge of space (exosphere). * Why does the balloon behave as it does at 18 miles up? * Does the foam package fall at near "g" after the above event? * Does the foam package reach TerminalVelocity? <html> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
YouTube video player Demonstration * Why using a [[Wiki]], a Web 2.0 creation, is just one of the ways teachers can leverage technology to enhance the learning experience. ''We __are__ the Web 2.0!'' * This version of a Wiki is called a TiddlyWiki. * Requires a live internet connection with access to the YouTube server. <<player id=6 flash
* Link to interactive flash animation of how your [[Weight changes as an Elevator Accelerates| ** Should play within your browser in a new tab. ** Change the settings and see what happens!
!Illustrated quote by blogger Phil Plait at [[ZenPencils.com| [img["Welcome to Science" by Phil Plait Cartoon at Zen Pencils.com|
* Do your work on ''another sheet of paper''.
A) List all givens in the word problem ("x = y"). Not all of them may be needed in the problem. You can use any standard English-to-metric conversions.
B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the given conversion factors or any metric conversion factors, as needed. Your [[Metric Pyramid sheet|MetricMeasurement]] may help. Some helpful conversions are also listed below.
C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer.
D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled.
|1 in = 2.54 cm |1 kg = 2.205 pounds |1 L = 1.06 quarts |16 oz = 1 lb |
|1 foot = 12 inches |1 quart = 2 pints | 4 quarts = 1 gallon |1 mile = 5280 feet |
----
!Wickedly Constructed Conversions
1. There are 8,000 Fizzlers in 1 crate. Each Fizzler has a mass of 32 grams. 15 Fizzlers are bundled into a unit called a Popper. How many Poppers would there be in a shipment of crates massing a total of 300 lbs?
2. A salesperson receives a payment of $120.15 for each order submitted. It takes 40 orders to make a Batch. In the Mesquite division of the company there are 8 salesmen. The Mesquite division placed 13 hectoBatches (hB) last year. How much did each salesperson earn on average in the Mesquite division last year?
3. An Olympic slalom skier from Outer Slobodia using 160 cm skis runs a gated downhill course with an elevation drop of 680 m. His coach times the race using the time intervals used in Outer Slobodia. His coach claims that he should get a medal based on his race time, which showed 21.4 dekaquattros worth of time for the event. If there are 9360 quattros per hour, what was the time for this skier in seconds according to the coach?
4. A radio telescope communicating to the Pluto Express robotic probe can send/ receive 200 kB/sec of data from Earth to/ from the robotic probe. Radio travels at the speed of light (3E8 m/s), and the Pluto Express probe is currently 14.17 AU from Earth. 1 AU = 92 955 887.6 miles (average distance from the sun to the earth). How long would it take 1.6 MB of data to be received by the Pluto Express at it's current location? //You can neglect the additional distance the probe travels during transmission or reception because that additional value is insignificant//.*@@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;End of problem is this color@@ and the @@Start of the problem is this color.@@
A) List all givens in the word problem ("x = y"). Not all of them may be needed in the problem. ''These will not be shown below''.
B) Draw an ''escape diagram'' for each problem. Use the given conversion factors or any metric conversion factors, as needed.
C) Work out the problem on a ''UNIT GRID'' below the escape diagram and calculate an answer.
D) ''BOX your answer'' and make sure it has the correct units labeled.
----
!Wickedly Constructed Conversions
1. There are 8,000 Fizzlers in 1 crate. Each Fizzler has a mass of 32 grams. 15 Fizzlers are bundled into a unit called a Popper. @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;How many Poppers@@ would there be in a shipment of crates massing a @@total of 300 lbs?@@
* lbs [img[right arrow| kg [img[right arrow| g [img[right arrow| Fz [img[right arrow| Pp
|300 lbs| 1 kg | 1000 g |1 Fz|1 Pp|
| 1 | 2.205 lbs | 1 kg | 32 g | 15 Fz |
|'' Answer = 283.4 Poppers'' |
2. A salesperson receives a payment of $120.15 for each order submitted. It takes 40 orders to make a Batch. In the Mesquite division of the company there are 8 salesmen. The Mesquite division placed @@13 hectoBatches (hB) last year.@@ @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;How much did each salesperson earn on average@@ in the Mesquite division last year?
* What do we know about the Mesquite division? It has 8 people and placed 13hB orders last year. @@This is the start!@@
* We want to find @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;$/ person@@, so let's place the (hB/ people) at the start since we want people in the final denominator.
* hB [img[right arrow| B [img[right arrow| orders [img[right arrow| $
| 13 hB | 100 B | 40 orders | $120.15 |
| 8 people | 1 hB | 1 B | 1 order |
|''Answer = $780,975 / person'' |
3. An Olympic slalom skier from Outer Slobodia using 160 cm skis runs a gated downhill course with an elevation drop of 680 m. His coach times the race using the time intervals used in Outer Slobodia. His coach claims that he should get a medal based on his race time, which showed @@21.4 dekaquattros worth of time for the event@@. If there are 9360 quattros per hour, what was the time for this skier @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;in seconds@@ according to the coach?
* Let ''qt = quattro''. Ignore the length of skis and elevation change!
* dekaqt [img[right arrow| qt [img[right arrow| hr [img[right arrow| min [img[right arrow| sec
| 21.4 dekaqt | 10 qt | 1 hr | 60 min | 60 sec |
| 1 | 1 dekaqt | 9360 qt | 1 hr | 1 min |
|''Answer: 82.3 s'' |
4. A radio telescope communicating the the Pluto Express robotic probe can send send/ receive 200 kB/sec of data from Earth to/ from the robotic probe. Radio travels at the speed of light (3E8 m/s), and the Pluto Express probe is currently 14.17 AU from Earth. 1 AU = 92 955 887.6 miles (average distance from the sun to the earth). How long would it take 1.6 MB of data to be received by the Pluto Express at it's current location? //You can neglect the additional distance the probe travels during transmission or reception because that additional value is insignificant//.
* This requires the summation of two calculations to find the total time:
** ''A. Time for the signal to travel to the probe'' and
** ''B. Time for the signal to be downloaded by the probe.''
''A.'' Time for the signal to travel to the probe
* Since @@Time = distance * 1/ rate@@, setup your unit grid using this formula. @@background-color:#FF9966;Cancel out the distance units@@ to be left with @@background-color:#ff0000;color:#ffffff;seconds@@.
** @@background-color:#FF9966;Distance = 14.17 AU@@, while the signal's rate = 3E8 m/ 1 sec and 1/ rate = 1sec/ @@background-color:#FF9966;3E8 m@@. We'll try and convert @@background-color:#FF9966;AU units@@ to @@meters@@ so that they @@background-color:#FF9966;cancel out@@.
| @@background-color:#FF9966;14.17 AU@@ | 1 sec | @@92 955 877.6 miles@@ | @@background-color:#CCFFCC;1.609 km@@ | @@background-color:#99CC33;1000 m@@ |
| 1 | @@background-color:#99CC33;3E8 m@@ | @@background-color:#FF9966;1 AU@@ | @@1 mile@@ | @@background-color:#CCFFCC;1 km@@ |
|''Time to travel = 7, 064.5 seconds'' |
''B''. Time to download the signal once it travels to the probe:
* MB [img[right arrow| KB [img[right arrow| sec
| 1.6 MB | 1000 KB | 1 sec |
| 1 | 1 MB | 200 KB |
|''Time to download = 8 seconds'' | ''Total time for signal to be received by the probe= (7, 064.5 +8) sec = 7,072.5 sec'' |!This wiki version is a TiddlyWiki modified by [[MPTW]] protocols.
Using {{{CamelCase}}} to create an automatic tiddler link.Sometimes it's handy to be able to write WikiWords without them being recognised as links (for people's names, for instance). You can do this by preceding the WikiWord with a tilde ({{{~}}}). For example, ~JamesBond, ~JavaScript and ~TiddlyWiki!Standard sails are being replaced by vertical wing airfoils in the fastest racing yachts. * These cambered sails use BernoullisPrinciple to generate pressure differences that can propel these large class catamarans up to 35 mph. * [[2010 America's Cup Oracle Catamaran Yachts Popular Science article.| !!Catamaran being assembled and run with the cambered wing sails for the race: <html> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <br> <p> <font size="4">Preparations for World Cup in 2013:</font> </p> </br> <iframe width="640" height="360" src="" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
!Wing Suit + Base jumping in Norway * Don't try this at home... <html> <embed src="" allowScriptAccess="always" flashvars="pageurl= suit jumping&tags=funny,hilarious,amazing,extreme,jump,off,cliff,base,basejump&description=To do what you are about to see, you need to have a stomach made of iron, a strong heart, a good parachute, and a highly understanding insurance company. You also have to be completely and utterly insane.&displayheight=325&backcolor=0x0d0d0d&lightoclor=0x336699&frontcolor=0xcccccc&image=" wmode="transparent" loop="false" menu="false" quality="high" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="425" height="345" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="" /> </html>
!Flying through the denser fluid of water isn't that far fetched. > [[Source.| <html><div align="center"> <iframe src="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="600"> </iframe> </div></html>
!Estimated velocity at arch entrance: 125- 150 m/s. * Fall time from helicopter jump to arch entrance is 21 seconds. <html> <iframe width="853" height="480" src="//" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </html>
* See the [[NASA description| on this class of violently unstable, massive stars. <<player id=8 image 303 316>>
!Applying a push or pull to cause an object to change position. = Force * Distance = Newton-meter= ''Joule (J)''
|[img[PDF symbol| & Energy Conceptual Problems| * Pushing blocks up a ramp
![[Work]] and [[KineticEnergy]] are intimately related- you can't alter one without using the other. * [[Work]] = ''ΔKE'' so ''F~~net~~ * distance = 1/2 * m * v^^2^^.'' ** When [[GPE]] becomes KE assume that the Work done to lift the weight to a given height equals the ΔKE. | Work-energy connection with 2 weights. [[Source.| | Graph of Rifle Barrel length (d) vs. Muzzle Velocity (v) [[Source.| | |[img[work-energy connection with 2 weights | [img[Rifle Barrel length (d) vs. Muzzle Velocity (v)| |
!Atmospheric ConVection cells and related Terrestrial Biomes <html> <img src=" EARTH HEAT ENGINE.jpg" alt="Earth's Heat Engine" width="640" height="420"> </html>
* Open [[this Microsoft Research web 2.0 experience| in Internet Explorer for best performance. ** A rival to Google Sky.
!Military Scramjet designed to take a weapon anywhere within 60 minutes of launch from California. * [[Scramjet details| ** PropulsionPerformance of various aeronautical power plants. * [[Military Hypersonic X-51 Scramjet| | !X-51 Waverider makes top 10 Technical Achievements of 2010 | | [[Waverider engine hits Mach 6 in May 2010 (video below of release at 50 Kft altitude).| | | [img[X-51 scramjet| | | [[Source.| | <html> <object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value=""></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object> </html>
* * Look at [[Playing Videos]] to see how to embed videos in a tiddler.
* [[How Contagious is Zika?| NPR blog. | !Potential range of Aedes aegypti mosquito vector in US. [[Source: CDC| | | [img[Potential range of Aedes aegypti mosquito vector in US| |
!9th century Arabic mathematician that introduced Indian numerals and algebra * Published a text in ~824 AD called "On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals". * His work on quadratic equations (The Jabr) was named after a method called "the transposition" where letters represented numbers. ** This was shortened in the west to ~Al-Jabr or @@algebra.@@ [[Source: PBS Islam Empire of Faith.|
